意大利蝗生物学及生命表的研究

发布时间：2018-03-21 23:02

  本文选题：意大利蝗　切入点：胚胎发育　出处：《新疆农业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文对意大利蝗生物学和生命表进行了研究,其中生物学分为胚胎发育及滞育发生胚胎发育阶段、卵耐寒能力、越冬卵游离氨基酸、飞行能力、卵巢发育和温度耐受力;生命表分为实验种群和自然种群生命表。意大利蝗的胚胎发育可划分为18个阶段;意大利蝗胚胎有反向移转、转旋期和顺向移动3种转动方式;意大利蝗卵的滞育发生的胚胎发育阶段为第ⅩⅡ阶段;在自然条件下,意大利蝗早中期卵(7月27日-8月16日所产卵)以滞育状态越冬,于翌年4月16日继续发育;晚期所产卵(8月28日-9月4日)尚未发育至胚胎第ⅩⅡ阶段,而自11月4日开始以胚胎第Ⅹ阶段越冬,于翌年3月29日继续发育;在自然条件下,意大利蝗卵自1月21日部分卵体解除滞育,随着越冬时间的延长其解除滞育的卵体逐渐增多,3月29日卵体基本完全解除滞育。自然条件下,意大利蝗卵初产卵含水量为48.68%-50.61%,产后44-61d卵体含水量增加为60.33%-62.48%,产后45-217d含水量维持在59.16%-67.53%,直至次年3月29日卵体含水量迅速增加为75.89%-77.43%,近孵化前卵体含水量78.62%-79.37%;意大利蝗卵过冷却点与侯地温表现强相关性,10月至次年1月,侯地温逐渐降低,过冷却点亦逐渐降低;至1月侯地温(-3.29℃)最低,过冷却点(-21.45℃)亦最低,次年1月至3月,侯地温逐渐上升,过冷却点亦升高。意大利蝗卵的耐寒能力具有明显的季节适应性。意大利蝗卵发育的适温范围为22℃-32℃,适宜土壤相对含水量范围在35%-55%;8月中旬所产蝗卵的孵化率最高;最适因素组合为恒温27℃-土壤相对含水量45%-8月中旬所产卵。温度(T0)与蝗卵的发育历期(T)呈极显著线性负相关关系(T=-5.612 8T0+25.564,R2=0.7932);5%土壤相对含水量的发育历期显著低于土壤相对含水量15%-55%的发育历期(p0.05);8月上旬、中旬所产卵的发育历期显著长于8月中旬所产卵的历期(p0.05)。卵的孵化率和发育历期的最主要因素分别是土壤相对含水量和温度。意大利蝗越冬卵内含17种游离氨基酸。总游离氨基酸的含量从滞育期至滞育解除期逐渐减少,至隐蝗蝻期略有回升,但始终低于滞育期总氨基酸含量。滞育期间丙氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸维持较高含量,而滞育解除后下降,比滞育期分别减少21.08%、26.71%、19.48%、22.18%、31.14%、20.96%。意大利蝗越冬卵在滞育期和滞育解除后谷氨酸始终保持最高。意大利蝗卵巢发育分为5个主级(Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅵ级、Ⅴ级),其中Ⅱ级细分为初期、末期2个亚级,Ⅲ级细分为初期、中期、后期、末期4个亚级。卵巢发育过程显示:卵巢长度前期增长平缓,中后期增长迅速,而卵巢宽度增长较为缓慢,卵巢面积呈幂指数增长。意大利蝗卵巢发育主要集中于中后期。白日(8:00-20:00),意大利蝗雌成虫自2日龄开始飞行,至6日龄(飞行时间18.22 min,飞行距离231.01 m,飞行速度12.59 m·min-1,飞行百分比76.00%)飞行能力达显著最高(p0.05),6-10日龄飞行能力逐渐降低;雄成虫2日龄的飞行能力显著最高(p0.05),其飞行时间、飞行距离、飞行速度和飞行百分比分别为0.64 min、13.34 m、15.70 m·min-1、40.00%,2-10日龄的飞行能力逐渐降低。不同等级卵巢与不同日龄的飞行能力的变化规律一致,其中Ⅱ级卵巢(6日龄)的飞行能力显著最高(p0.05)。意大利蝗成虫昼夜均有飞行,但飞行活动相对集中于白天的10:00和15:00-16:00时最为集中,飞行日节律属于白日飞行。意大利蝗各虫态的过冷却点均符服从正态分布;各虫态的过冷却点及冰点有所差异,其中卵的过冷却点及冰点最低(p0.05),3龄过冷却点最高(p0.05)其他各龄蝗及成虫雌雄之间过冷却点均无显著性差异(p0.05)。环境温度为41℃时,雌成虫和雄成虫的LT50和LT90均最长,分别为623.83 h、1 604.98 h和459.52 h、1 181.97 h;成虫的体温与环境温度均呈极显著的线性关系(p0.01);当环境温度以0.5℃·min-1速率上升时,成虫的体温升高速率均呈极显著的线性关系(p0.01);当环境温度以0.5℃·min-1速率上升时,成虫的体温升高速率在0.30℃·min-1-0.36℃·min-1,其中雄成虫体温升高速率(0.36℃·min-1)显著高于雌成虫(0.30℃·min-1)。意大利蝗各发育历期与恒温(23℃-35℃)呈极显著负线性关系(p0.01),26℃,29℃,32℃,35℃,变温全世代发育历期分别为77.69 d、48.54 d、46.91 d、37.39 d、80.01d;单雌产卵量在32℃条件下显著最高(54.49粒),26℃下最低(41.33粒);卵的孵化率、蝗蝻期及成虫产卵前期的存活率在32℃均最高,分别为97.78%、86.19%和88.68%;23℃下最低,分别为95.60%、72.62%和0%;其在26℃-35℃恒温范围内意大利蝗种群净增值率R0、内禀增长率rm、种群趋势指数I和世代存活率S与温度t之间均呈抛物线关系均呈抛物线关系,其中以32℃的卵孵化率(97.78%)、世代存活率(29.46%)、单雌产卵量(54.49粒)、生命参数(净值率R0为8.38 d-1、内禀增长力rm为0.044 5 d-1和周限增长率λ为1.002 0 d-1)均最高;且具有偏喜高温的生物学特性。26℃-35℃是意大利蝗种群生长发育繁殖的适宜温度,其中以32℃为最适温度,且23℃为不适宜温度。自然条件下,意大利蝗各发育阶段的死亡率由高到低分别为41.02%(卵)、32.00%(1龄蝗蝻)、18.18%(产卵前期)、8.33%(2龄蝗蝻)、5.71%(5龄蝗蝻)、5.67%(3龄蝗蝻)、3.35%(4龄蝗蝻)。意大利蝗自然种群的死亡集中于卵期、1龄蝗蝻期;自然种群的累计存活率为28.90%;意大利蝗雌成虫产卵1-5次,第1-5次的产卵量分别为38.94粒、39.73粒、36.43粒、32.33粒、41粒;自然种群的净值率R0、内禀增长力rm、周限增长率λ、种群倍增时间td和世代平均历期T分别为16.17d-1、0.0445 d-1、1.005 d-1、32.54 d、130.89 d。
[Abstract]:This paper studied the Italy locust biology and life table, the biological credits for embryo development and embryo development stage of diapause eggs, cold, free amino acids, overwintering eggs flying ability, ovarian development and temperature tolerance; life table is divided into experimental population and natural population life table. Italy locust embryo development can be divided into for the 18 stage; Italy locust embryo reverse rotation period and transfer to the mobile 3 rotation mode; the occurrence of Italy diapause egg embryo development stage XII stage; under natural conditions, Italy locust eggs (early to mid July 27th -8 16 eggs in diapause state in winter). The following year in April 16th to continue development; the late spawning (August 28th -9 4) has not yet been developed to the stage of embryonic XII, and since the beginning of November 4th to tenth stage embryo overwintering, the following year in March 29th to continue the development; in natural conditions. Under the Italy locust eggs since January 21st part of ovum diapause, with prolonged time of the overwintering diapause eggs gradually increased, March 29th ovum completely diapause. Under natural conditions, Italy egg egg primiparous 48.68%-50.61% moisture content, water content increase postpartum 44-61d egg 60.33%-62.48%, postpartum 45-217d content maintain in 59.16%-67.53%, until March 29th the following year egg content rapidly increased to 75.89%-77.43%, near the body moisture before hatching eggs 78.62%-79.37%; Italy locust egg supercooling point and temperature showed strong correlation between Hou, from October to January of the following year, Hou temperature decreased gradually, supercooling point also decreased gradually; to January Hou (-3.29 C) the lowest temperature the supercooling points (-21.45, C) is the lowest, the following year in January to March, Hou temperature rises gradually, the supercooling points are also increased. The Italy locust egg cold hardiness has obvious seasonal adaptability. Italy locust egg development optimum temperature range of 22 DEG -32 DEG, suitable relative water content in the range of soil 35%-55%; in mid August the locust egg hatching rate is highest; the optimum combination of factors of the egg as a constant temperature of 27 DEG C - relative soil water content of 45%-8 in mid March. The temperature (T0) and the developmental duration of eggs the (T) is a significant negative correlation between linear (T=-5.612 8T0+25.564, R2=0.7932); the 5% relative soil water content in developmental period was significantly lower than the developmental period of relative soil water content of 15%-55% (P0.05); early August, mid the egg developmental period was significantly longer than that in mid August the spawning period (P0.05) the hatching rate of eggs and development. The main factors were the period of relative soil water content and temperature. Italy locust of overwintering eggs containing 17 kinds of amino acids. The content of total free amino acids from the diapause period to the diapause period gradually decreased, and hidden period rose slightly nymphs, but always low The total amino acid content during diapause diapause. Alanine, proline, glutamic acid, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and maintain a high content of post diapause decreased by 21.08%, respectively, 19.48%, 22.18% diapause period 26.71%, 31.14%, 20.96%. Italy locust eggs in more winter diapause period and post diapause glutamate remains the highest. Italy locust ovary development is divided into 5 main stages (grade I, II, III, VI, V), the class II subdivision for the early stage of 2 sub grade, divided into early, middle, late, at the end of the 4 sub classes. The process of ovarian development showed that ovary length in early growth gently, in the late growth, ovary width of relatively slow growth, ovarian area is exponential growth. Italy locust ovary development mainly concentrated in the later stage. The day (8:00-20:00), Italy locust female worms start flying from 2 days to 6 days of age (age, time of flight 18 .22 min, the flight distance is 231.01 m, the flight speed of 12.59 m - min-1, flight 76%) flight capacity reached a significant percentage of the highest (P0.05), 6-10 day old flight capacity gradually decreased; male adults aged 2 days of flight capacity significantly (P0.05), the maximum flight time, flight distance, flight speed and flight percentage respectively. 0.64 min, 13.34 m, 15.70 m min-1,40.00%, 2-10 day old flight capacity gradually decreased. Consistent with the variation of different grades and different age of ovarian flight capacity, the grade II ovarian (6 days old) flight capacity significantly (P0.05). The highest Italy locust adults both day and night flight, but the flight activity is relatively on day 10:00 and 15:00-16:00 is most concentrated on day flight. Flight rhythm belongs to the supercooling point of Italy locust of different stages were consistent with normal distribution; supercooling point and freezing point of difference in different stages, the egg cooling 鐐瑰強鍐扮偣鏈，

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