四种水稻除草剂对两种泥鳅的毒性效应

发布时间：2018-04-23 20:34

本文选题：水稻除草剂 + 泥鳅　；参考：《河南师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：水稻是全球大量种植的粮食作物之一,使用水稻除草剂可以很好的解决水稻种植中的草害问题。随着水稻除草剂的大量使用,其对环境污染的问题也越来越严重。水稻除草剂在使用时,少部分被靶植物吸收之外,其残留部分不仅会污染稻田的水环境,对水生生物造成危害,还可以通过其他途径对其它水环境以及土壤造成污染。水稻除草剂所造成的环境问题,逐渐受到人们的关注。本研究以泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅为试验材料,通过急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳试验)、生理毒性试验、胚胎及幼鱼的毒性试验这5个方面,初步探讨了4种水稻除草剂(丙草胺、丁草胺、五氟磺草胺和乙羧氟草醚)对两种泥鳅(泥鳅、大鳞副泥鳅)的毒性效应。为除草剂的合理施用提供一定的科学依据,也为其它除草剂的毒性研究提供一定的理论依据。通过急性毒性试验得出丙草胺对泥鳅24、48、96h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:6.3803 mg/L、5.719 mg/L、4.6795 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:1.3785 mg/L。丁草胺对泥鳅24、48、96h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:7.622 mg/L、5.74 mg/L、3.624 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:0.8756 mg/L。五氟磺草胺对泥鳅24、48、96 h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:37.3233 mg/L、34.1073 mg/L、26.9936 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:8.2467mg/L。乙羧氟草醚对泥鳅24、48、96 h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:4.4614 mg/L、3.3443 mg/L、2.6303 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:0.5638mg/L。丙草胺对大鳞副泥鳅24、48、96 h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:6.676 mg/L、5.9455 mg/L、5.1225 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:1.4146 mg/L。丁草胺对大鳞副泥鳅24、48、96h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:7.32 mg/L、5.337 mg/L、2.785 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:0.8511mg/L。五氟磺草胺对大鳞副泥鳅24、48、96 h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:37.8416 mg/L、35.5345 mg/L、28.9641 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:9.4001 mg/L。乙羧氟草醚对大鳞副泥鳅24、48、96 h半致死浓(LC50)度分别为:4.8778 mg/L、3.5607 mg/L、2.6684 mg/L。安全浓度(Sc)为:0.5692 mg/L。通过微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳试验,来研究四种水稻除草剂对两种泥鳅的遗传毒性。微核试验结果表明,这四种水稻除草剂均能不同程度的提升两种泥鳅红细胞的核异常率。其中,乙羧氟草醚的核异常率最高,在乙羧氟草醚对泥鳅微核试验中,在第九天1.3 mg/L处理组中,泥鳅红细胞核异常率高达7.18‰。其诱发程度为乙羧氟草醚丙草胺丁草胺五氟磺草胺。单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,四种水稻除草剂均能在一定程度上促使两种泥鳅血细胞和肝细胞的尾部DNA含量和olive尾矩升高。在丙草胺3.4 mg/L处理组中,泥鳅肝细胞的尾部DNA含量和olive尾矩分别高达52.60%和159.86。因此,这四种水稻除草剂对两种泥鳅的红细胞具有一定的遗传毒性,能对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的血细胞和肝细胞造成DNA损伤。以两种泥鳅肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量为指标,进行生理毒性试验。结果表明,四种水稻除草剂均能对两种泥鳅造成较为明显的氧化应激效应,长期的胁迫可以抑制泥鳅肝脏抗氧化酶的活力,使机体的抗氧化能力下降,并受到较为明显的氧化损伤。其中,五氟磺草胺对两种泥鳅的生理毒性低于其它三种水稻除草剂。以胚胎的畸形率和死亡率为指标,以胚胎发育的四个不同时期(胚盘隆起期、原肠胚中期、神经胚期、尾芽期)为处理时间,进行胚胎毒性试验。结果表明,四种水稻除草剂均能在不同程度上诱使两种泥鳅胚胎的孵化率下降,畸形率升高。其中,1.3 mg/L乙羧氟草醚从神经胚期处理大鳞副泥鳅胚胎,可使其畸形率高达66.12%,3.4 mg/L丙草胺从原肠胚中期处理大鳞副泥鳅胚胎,可使其孵化率低至48.40%。由此可见,四种水稻除草剂对两种泥鳅胚胎具有一定的毒性效应。不同的水稻除草剂对两种泥鳅胚胎影响的最敏感时期存在着一定的差异。在幼鱼的急性毒性试验中,丙草胺、丁草胺、五氟磺草胺和乙羧氟草醚对泥鳅幼鱼的96h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为:0.40197 mg/L、0.39223 mg/L、0.7696mg/L、0.20708 mg/L。丙草胺、丁草胺、五氟磺草胺和乙羧氟草醚对大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼的96h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为:0.3265 mg/L、0.16487 mg/L、1.25017 mg/L、0.23787 mg/L。综上所述,四种水稻除草剂对两种泥鳅均具有的一定的急性毒性、遗传毒性和生理毒性,能对两种泥鳅血细胞和肝细胞的DNA造成损伤,对两种泥鳅的胚胎和幼鱼具有较强的毒性效应。此外,两种泥鳅对四种水稻除草剂毒性的敏感程度有所差异,但差距并不明显。
[Abstract]:Rice is one of the most widely cultivated grain crops all over the world. The use of rice herbicides can solve the problem of grass damage in rice planting. With the use of rice herbicides, the problem of environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. When the herbicide is used, a few of the target plants are absorbed, and the residual part of the rice is not only contaminated. The water environment in paddy fields can cause harm to aquatic organisms and can also cause pollution to other water environment and soil through other ways. The environmental problems caused by rice herbicides have gradually been paid attention to. The toxic effects of 4 kinds of rice herbicides (butadiamine, butachlor, five fluonullor and carboxyfluoroethers) on two kinds of Loach (loach, paramethoside loach) were preliminarily discussed in 5 aspects, including cell gel electrophoresis test, physiological toxicity test, embryo and young fish toxicity test, which provided scientific basis for rational application of herbicides and also for its rational application. It provides a theoretical basis for the toxicity study of herbicides. Through acute toxicity tests, it was found that the 24,48,96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of loach was 6.3803 mg/L, 5.719 mg/L, 4.6795 mg/L. safe concentration (Sc): 1.3785 mg/L. butachlor for 24,48,96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) degree respectively: 7.622 mg/L, 5.74 mg/L, 3.624 mg/L. The safety concentration (Sc) was as follows: 0.8756 mg/L. five fluorosulfonamide in the loach 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) were 37.3233 mg/L, 34.1073 mg/L, and 26.9936 mg/L. (Sc) as: 8.2467mg/L. acetoethyl fluoroether to the loach 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration, respectively: 4.4614, 3.3443, 2.6303 safe concentration. 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) was 6.676 mg/L, 5.9455 mg/L and 5.1225 mg/L. safety concentration (Sc), respectively: 1.4146 mg/L. butachlor's 24,48,96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) was 7.32 mg/L, 5.337 mg/L, and 2.785 safe concentration (five). 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) was 37.8416 mg/L, 35.5345 mg/L, and 28.9641 mg/L. safe concentration (Sc): 9.4001 mg/L. carboxyl fluoroether for 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.8778 mg/L, 3.5607 and 2.6684 safe concentration, respectively: 0.5692 through micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis test. The genetic toxicity of four kinds of rice herbicides to two kinds of loach was studied. The results of micronucleus test showed that the four kinds of rice herbicides could improve the nuclear abnormal rate of red cells in two kinds of loach in different degrees. Among them, the abnormal rate of acetoethyl fluoroether was the highest. In the micronucleus test of acetoethyl fluoroether to Mud Loach, it was in the ninth day 1.3 mg/L treatment group. The abnormal rate of erythrocyte nuclei of loach was up to 7.18 per thousand. The degree of induction was that of butaoxamine Butachlor and five fluonuramines. The results of single cell gel electrophoresis showed that the four kinds of rice herbicides could increase the tail DNA content and olive tail moment of the blood cells and hepatocytes of the two kinds of loach to a certain extent. The treatment was treated with 3.4 mg/L. In the group, the tail DNA content and the olive tail moment of the loach hepatocytes are as high as 52.60% and 159.86. respectively. Therefore, the four kinds of rice herbicides have certain genetic toxicity to the red cells of two kinds of loach, and can cause DNA damage to the blood cells and liver cells of the loach and the loach of the loach, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the peroxy in the two Loach Liver tissues. The activity of CAT and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were used as indexes to carry out physiological toxicity tests. The results showed that all four kinds of rice herbicides could cause obvious oxidative stress effects on two kinds of loach. Long term stress could inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of loach and the antioxidant capacity of the body. The physiological toxicity of five loach to two kinds of loach was lower than that of the other three kinds of rice herbicides. The deformity rate and mortality rate of the embryo were the indexes, and the embryo toxicity was treated at four different stages of embryo development (the embryo stage of the embryo, the midgut embryo, the nerve embryo, the tail bud). The results showed that the four kinds of rice herbicides could induce the hatchability of two loach embryos to be reduced and the rate of malformation increased in varying degrees. Among them, 1.3 mg/L carboxyl ether can make the malformation rate of 66.12% and 3.4 mg/L from the middle embryo of the primary embryo from the middle embryo of the gastrula. The hatching rate is low to 48.40%., and four kinds of rice herbicides have certain toxic effects on the two kinds of loach embryos. Different rice herbicides have certain differences in the most sensitive period of the two kinds of loach embryos. In the acute toxicity test of young fish, herbicide, butachlor, five fluonullor and carboxyl fluoroether have a good effect on the loach. The 96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of the young fish were 0.40197 mg/L, 0.39223 mg/L, 0.7696mg/L, 0.20708 mg/L., butachlor, five fluonamamide, and carboxyl fluoroether for 96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.3265 mg/L, 0.16487 mg/L, 1.25017 mg/L, 0.23787 mg/L., and four rice herbicides to two The species of loach had certain acute toxicity, hereditary toxicity and physiological toxicity, which could damage the DNA of two kinds of loach blood cells and liver cells, and had strong toxic effects on the embryos and young fish of two kinds of loach. In addition, the sensitivity of two kinds of loach to four kinds of rice herbicides was different, but the gap was not obvious.

【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X592;S451.21

【参考文献】