松嫩平原盐碱地改良利用研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 07:06

本文选题：盐碱地 + 铺设秸秆　；参考：《中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所)》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：松嫩平原是我国北方重要的农牧业基地,也是世界三大苏打盐渍土分布区之一。由于近年来人们不合理的开发利用,松嫩平原土地盐碱化日益加重,严重阻碍了该地区经济,社会和生态的可持续发展。为了寻求低价高效易操作适用范围较广的盐碱地改良方法,我们以松嫩平原盐碱化草地和裸碱斑为研究对象,设计了四个长期实验,分别为利用铺设秸秆,制沟,筑台的方法恢复裸碱斑植被,以及覆沙造旱田,研究这些方法的改良效果。研究发现:1.铺设秸秆并没有显著的增加土壤有机质含量,对于土壤pH和电导率的影响在年际间亦有不同。然而,在裸碱斑上铺设秸秆有效的促进了植被的恢复,尽管在不同的数量和铺设方向间并没有显著的差异。同时,恢复的植被组分和不同处理间衡量植被恢复的指标的趋势亦随着年际变化。2.垄沟系统土壤含水率在表层10cm从垄顶到沟底呈现出显著增加趋势,在深层的变化趋势不明显。秋季,垄沟系统的土壤含水率整体高于春季。在垂直方向上,表层10cm土壤的pH是最低的,各处理在2013年pH从垄顶到沟底呈现出下降趋势,2014年pH从垄顶到沟底的趋势不一致。2013年秋季0-10cm pH各处理显著低于对照,而处理间的差异不显著。电导率总体上在垄顶和大部分垄坡呈现随深度降低的趋势,而在沟底呈现出随深度增加趋势,0-20cm内,电导率从垄顶到沟底呈现出下降趋势。2013年,各处理的不同深层和系统整体的平均电导率均显著低于对照,而处理间的差异不显著。和对照相比,我们发现建造垄沟系统可以在一定程度上有效的促进裸碱斑植被的恢复,然而,不同处理间植被恢复效果差异不显著。植被在垄沟各位置的分布在年际间有较大差异,衡量植被恢复的指标在不同年际间亦有较大的变异3.垄台系统台面和台侧的点,土壤水分在垂直方向上整体随深度增加而增加,而台底以及沟内的点,含水率随深度增加而降低。从台面到沟底,在三个季节中,表层10cm的土壤含水率整体上呈现出显著的上升趋势,台面以及台侧上的点的含水率与台底及沟内的点之间有显著差异。各处理间平均含水率整体上差异不显著。pH随深度增加并没有体现出一致的趋势,从台面到台底亦没有明显的规律。2013年秋季,h20与对照差异显著,2014年,所有垄台平均ph均显著低于对照,而不同垄台系统间差异不显著。秋季所有处理的ph较夏季略有降低。几乎所有处理的电导率在台面和台侧上半部随深度增加而降低,台底和沟内的电导率随深度增加而增加,台的下半部则因季节而异。从台面到沟底,电导率整体上呈现显著降低的趋势。各处理间h30的电导率最低。从春季到秋季,各处理的电导率均显著上升。2014年秋由于干旱影响,各处理的台面上和台侧的电导率和2013年相比均有较大幅度上升。垄台系统整体上呈现积盐趋势。和对照相比,垄台系统促进了裸碱斑植被恢复。整体上台侧和台底的植被生物量高于台面(2012年除外),并且不同位置植被组成略有差异,台面上的植被碱蓬所占比重更大。同一年内,不同处理间植被各指标的差异整体上不显著。植被恢复状况在年际间具有较大差异,受降水和土壤属性影响较大。4.覆沙对于土壤水分具有显著影响。土壤含水率随降雨变化,降雨时所有处理含水率均上升,且差异减小,干旱时所有处理含水率下降,且差异增大。含水率在土壤剖面内呈现先增加再降低的趋势,在沙碱土交界处达到最大,表层土壤表层含水率与沙碱土交界处差异显著。0-20cm内,含水率随覆沙厚度增加而呈降低趋势,且t10含水率与其它各处理差异均显著。20cm下各处理间差异不显著。土壤ph和电导率亦受到覆沙的显著影响。垂直方向上,ph和电导率随深度增加而增加,且沙土层中的ph和电导率显著低于碱土层。表层土壤ph和电导率总体上显著低于沙土层最底部(沙碱土交界处),碱土层中ph和电导率随深度稍有增加,但变化不显著。在0-40cm内,相同深层内土壤的ph和电导率随覆沙厚度增加呈现降低的趋势,且t10和t30,t40间差异显著。种植不同植物之间土壤ph和电导率略呈现出豆科牧草对照作物的趋势。三年内覆沙对于玉米和向日葵的生长和产量均有显著影响。总体来讲各项指标均随覆沙厚度的增加而增加,对于玉米,t20-t40的产量显著高于t10,对于向日葵,t40的产量显著高于t10和t20(2011年除外)。然而覆沙对于玉米的影响要大于对向日葵的影响,即随覆沙厚度增加,玉米生长状况和产量的增加幅度明显大于向日葵。覆沙对于苜蓿的产量亦影响显著,苜蓿产量随覆沙厚度先增加,t30产量最高,然后略有降低,而对黄花草木樨的产量影响不显著。我们推荐在覆沙地种植玉米和苜蓿,种植玉米至少需要覆沙20cm,而种植苜蓿最佳的覆沙厚度为30cm。
[Abstract]:Songnen Plain is an important agricultural and animal husbandry base in the north of China and one of the three distribution areas of saline soil in the world. Because of the irrational exploitation and utilization of people in recent years, the land salinization of the Songnen Plain is becoming more and more serious, which seriously hinders the economic, social and ecological sustainable development of the region. We have designed four long-term experiments on the saline alkali grassland and bare alkali spot in the Songnen Plain as the research object. We have designed four long-term experiments to restore the bare alkali spot vegetation by laying straw, making gully, building platform, and covering the dry fields with sand, and studying the improvement effect of these methods. The study found that 1. laid straw did not increase significantly. The effects of soil organic matter content on soil pH and electrical conductivity were also different in the interannual. However, the laying of straw on bare alkali spots effectively promoted the restoration of vegetation, although there was no significant difference between different quantities and laying directions. The soil moisture content of the furrow system in the.2. furrow system increased significantly in the surface 10cm from the top to the bottom of the furrow, and the trend of the soil moisture content in the furrow system was higher than that in the spring. In the vertical direction, the pH of the surface layer of 10cm soil was the lowest in the vertical direction, and the treatment of each treatment was from the ridge top to the bottom of the ditch in 2013. There is a downward trend, the trend of pH from the top to the bottom of the ridge in 2014 is not consistent, and the treatment of 0-10cm pH in autumn is significantly lower than that of the control in the autumn of.2013, but the difference between the treatments is not significant. The conductivity of the ridge and the most ridges on the whole is decreased with depth, but the depth of the furrow is increased in depth, and the conductivity is from the ridge top to the ditch in the 0-20cm. In.2013 years, the average conductivity of the different depths and the whole system was significantly lower than the control, but the difference between the treatments was not significant. Compared with the control, we found that the furrow system could effectively promote the restoration of the bare alkali spot vegetation to a certain extent. However, the difference in the restoration effect of different treatment interplants was different. It is not significant. The distribution of vegetation in the ridge and furrow has a great difference between the years. The index of vegetation restoration also has a large variation of the 3. ridge platform system platform and the platform side. The soil moisture increases with the depth in the vertical direction, and the water content decreases with the depth in the bottom and the trench. In the three seasons, the soil moisture content of the surface 10cm shows a significant upward trend, and there is a significant difference between the water content of the table and the platform side and the point in the bottom and the trench. The average water content in each treatment is not significantly different with the depth of.PH and does not show a consistent trend. There was no obvious regularity in the surface to the bottom of.2013, and the difference between H20 and control was significant. In 2014, the average pH of all ridges was significantly lower than that of the control, but there was no significant difference between different ridges. All the treated pH decreased slightly in the autumn. The conductivity of almost all treatment decreased with the depth of the platform and the upper part of the platform. The conductivity of the trench increases with the depth, and the lower part of the platform varies with the season. The conductivity of the H30 has the lowest conductivity from the table to the trench. The electrical conductivity of each treatment is the lowest. From spring to autumn, the electrical conductivity of each treatment increased significantly from the drought to the.2014 autumn, on the mesa and the side of each treatment. Compared with the control, the ridge platform system promoted the restoration of bare alkali spot vegetation. The vegetation biomass of the whole platform and the bottom was higher than that of the table (except 2012), and the vegetation groups in different positions were slightly different, and the proportion of the vegetation in the mesa was accounted for by the control. In the same year, in the same year, the difference of each index in different treatments was not significant on the whole. The restoration of vegetation had a great difference between year and year. The effect of precipitation and soil properties on soil moisture was significantly affected by precipitation and soil properties. The soil moisture content was changed with rainfall, and the water content of all treatment increased with the rainfall, and the difference was reduced, and the difference was reduced. The moisture content of all treatments decreased and the difference increased. The moisture content increased first and then decreased in the soil profile, and reached the maximum at the boundary of the alkali soil. The water content of the surface soil surface was significantly different from that at the boundary of the alkali soil.0-20cm, and the water content decreased with the increase of the thickness of the sand, and the water content of the T10 and the other treatments. The difference was not significant between the treatments under.20cm. The soil pH and electrical conductivity were also significantly affected by the sand covering. In the vertical direction, the pH and electrical conductivity increased with the depth, and the pH and electrical conductivity in the sandy soil layer were significantly lower than that in the alkali soil layer. The pH and electrical conductivity of the surface soil were significantly lower than the bottom of the sandy soil layer (the boundary of the alkaline soil). The pH and electrical conductivity in the alkali soil layer increased slightly with the depth, but the change was not significant. In the 0-40cm, the pH and electrical conductivity of soil in the same deep layer decreased with the increase of the thickness of the sand, and the difference between T10 and T30 and T40 was significant. The soil pH and electrical conductivity between different plants showed a trend of the leguminous grass control crop in three years. The growth and yield of maize and sunflower were significantly affected. In general, all the indexes increased with the increase of the thickness of the sand covering. For maize, the yield of t20-t40 was significantly higher than that of T10. For sunflower, the yield of T40 was significantly higher than that of T10 and T20 (except in 2011). With the increase of sand thickness, the increase of corn growth and yield was significantly greater than that of sunflower. The yield of alfalfa was also significantly affected. The yield of Alfalfa increased with the thickness of sand covering first, the yield of T30 was the highest, and then decreased slightly, but the effect on the yield of sweet clover was not obvious. We recommend planting corn and alfalfa in the sand covering land. Corn needs at least 20cm of sand cover, and the optimum sand thickness for planting alfalfa is 30cm.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S156.4

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