食用菌菌糠的腐熟及腐熟物在土壤改良中的应用

发布时间：2018-04-28 14:47

本文选题：食用菌菌糠 + 腐熟　；参考：《北京理工大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：食用菌菌糠(简称菌糠)是生产食用菌后废弃的培养基质,一方面它具有有机质含量高、含水量大和富含真菌蛋白的特点,必须进行无害化处理;另一方面菌糠又具有氮磷钾含量高、农药残留少和重金属含量低的特点,经无害化处理后,可应用于农业和环境修复领域。本研究包含两个方面,一方面是利用好氧堆肥对菌糠(平菇菌糠和金针菇菌糠)进行无害化处理,研究堆肥过程中菌糠理化性质的变化,并通过种子发芽指数来确定不同堆肥时间菌糠的腐熟度。堆肥过程中,堆体的温度、pH、和C/N均呈规律性的变化;平菇菌糠和金针菇菌糠分别在堆肥20天和30天发芽指数大于50%,达到基本腐熟,其营养成分和安全性指标符合有机肥标准要求。本研究另一个方面是将平菇菌糠腐熟物、鸡粪或羊粪的腐熟物以及它们的混合物复配出5种底肥配方施入到大棚土壤中,进行黄瓜和西红柿的轮种,研究种植过程中土壤养分含量、酶活性以及土壤细菌菌群的动态变化,最后根据收获果实的产量和品质来评价各个底肥配方的改良效果。结果发现:(1)施入不同配方底肥后,土壤的有机质含量、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量与原始土壤相比显著增加,经过一个种植季后,腐熟的鸡粪和腐熟的平菇菌糠混合物作为底肥的土壤中有机质含量、全氮含量降幅最大,分别为30.24%和31.63%,表明土壤微生物活性较强;(2)施入不同底肥配方后,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著增强,其中以平菇菌糠作为底肥配方的土壤酶活性增幅最大,分别为96.23%、291.03%和89.89%;(3)施入不同配方底肥后,表征土壤细菌菌群多样性和均匀度的香农指数和辛普森指数有一定增加,增幅范围分别为8.92%~29.32%和4.93%~12.22%,土壤的优势菌群也发生了改变;(4)以腐熟的鸡粪和腐熟的平菇菌糠混合物及腐熟的羊粪和腐熟的平菇菌糠混合物作为底肥,其果实可溶性糖、维生素C含量和产量与其他底肥配方相比,差异性显著。总体来说,上述5种底肥配方施入土壤中,均可改善土壤的理化性质,增加土壤养分,提高土壤酶活性,丰富土壤微生物群落。其中腐熟的平菇菌糠和腐熟的鸡粪或羊粪混合作底肥的配方的效果更好。
[Abstract]:Mushroom bran is the waste culture substrate after producing edible fungi. On the one hand, it has the characteristics of high content of organic matter, high water content and rich in fungal protein, so it must be treated innocuously. On the other hand, the bacterial bran has the characteristics of high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, less pesticide residue and low heavy metal content. After harmless treatment, it can be used in the field of agriculture and environmental remediation. On the one hand, aerobic composting was used to treat the bacterial bran (Flammulina velutipes and Flammulina velutipes) in order to study the changes of the physical and chemical properties of the bacterial bran during composting. Seed germination index was used to determine the maturity of microbial chaff at different composting time. In the process of composting, the pH and C / N of the compost showed regular changes, the germination index of Flammulina velutipes and Flammulina velutipes was more than 50 at 20 days and 30 days, respectively. Its nutritional composition and safety index meet the requirements of organic fertilizer standard. The other aspect of this study was to add five kinds of base fertilizer formula to the greenhouse soil to produce the rotting of cucumber and tomato by mixing the rotting mats of Pleurotus edodes, chicken dung or sheep dung and their mixture. The dynamic changes of soil nutrient content, enzyme activity and soil bacterial flora during planting were studied. Finally, the improvement effect of each base fertilizer formula was evaluated according to the yield and quality of harvested fruit. The results showed that the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in the soil increased significantly after the application of different base fertilizers, and after a planting season, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in the soil increased significantly compared with the original soil. The organic matter content and total nitrogen content in the soil treated with the mixture of decaying chicken manure and rotting mushroom bran as base fertilizer decreased the most by 30.24% and 31.63%, respectively, indicating that the soil urease was obtained by applying different base fertilizer formulations with strong microbial activity. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and catalase were significantly increased, and the soil enzyme activity increased the most in the base fertilizer of Pleurotus edodes, which were 96.23% 291.03% and 89.8989%, respectively. The Shannon index and Simpson index, which represent the diversity and evenness of soil bacterial flora, increased to a certain extent. The increase ranges were 8.92% 29.32% and 4.93% 12.22, respectively. The dominant microflora of the soil was also changed.) the soluble sugar of the fruit was treated with the mixture of rotting chicken manure and rotting mushroom bran, and the mixture of decaying sheep manure and rotting mushroom chaff as base fertilizer. The content and yield of vitamin C were significantly different from those of other base fertilizer formulations. In general, the above five kinds of base fertilizer can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, increase soil nutrients, increase soil enzyme activity, and enrich soil microbial communities. The mixture of rotting mushroom mushroom bran and decaying chicken manure or sheep dung is more effective.
【学位授予单位】：北京理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S156

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