施肥和地膜覆盖对黄土旱塬土壤理化性质和冬小麦产量的影响

发布时间：2018-04-30 15:19

本文选题：黄土旱塬 + 产量　；参考：《植物营养与肥料学报》2017年05期

【摘要】：【目的】研究黄土高原旱作农业区施肥等措施对耕层土壤理化性质和作物农艺性状的影响,为保持土壤适度生产力,选择适合黄土塬区可持续发展的新型增产措施提供理论基础。【方法】通过设在渭北旱塬的多年田间定位试验,选取不施肥空白对照、施氮磷肥、施氮磷钾肥、氮磷肥加生物炭、氮磷肥加生育期地膜半覆盖和氮磷肥加夏闲期地膜半覆盖共 6 个处理,所有处理均在冬小麦收获后和播种前进行翻耕。分析了不同处理耕层土壤理化性质、冬小麦产量及农艺指标。【结果】与对照相比,施氮磷肥显著提高了耕层土壤饱和导水率,降低耕层土壤紧实度,显著增加冬小麦生育期耗水量,提高水分利用效率和降雨利用效率,显著提高了耕层土壤中有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全磷、有效磷等养分的含量,连续三年提高冬小麦的产量均在一倍左右。与氮磷肥处理相比,增施钾肥处理增加了冬小麦拔节期耕层土壤紧实度,却显著降低了收获期土壤容重、增加了总孔隙度,并显著提高了水分利用效率,在一定程度上增加了耕层土壤全氮、有机质含量,使冬小麦的叶面积指数显著增加,连续三年冬小麦平均产量达 4500 kg/hm~2;增施生物炭处理耕层土壤容重降至最低为 1.16g/cm~3,增加了土壤总孔隙度,导致饱和导水率最大为 0.049 cm/min,提高了水分利用效率;耕层土壤中的有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷的含量有一定增加,冬小麦的产量有所提升;施氮磷肥基础上的生育期地膜半覆盖与夏闲期地膜半覆盖,均显著降低了耕层土壤饱和导水率,增加了土壤紧实度,提高了冬小麦水分利用效率,耕层土壤中有机质、铵态氮、速效钾的含量有所增加,全磷含量降低,土壤 pH 下降,除去受灾年份,冬小麦平均产量在 4700~4800 kg/hm~2 之间。【结论】与对照相比,长期施用氮磷化肥显著提高冬小麦的产量,却导致土壤 p H 下降。在施氮磷肥的基础上增施生物炭,可以显著改善土壤物理化学性质,增加冬小麦产量,但其经济投入过高。在施氮磷肥的基础上,增施钾肥与生育期地膜半覆盖,改善了耕层土壤养分状况,有一定的经济效益,是适宜黄土塬区的冬小麦增产措施。
[Abstract]:[objective] to study the effects of fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties and crop agronomic characters in dryland farming area of the Loess Plateau, in order to maintain the moderate productivity of the soil. The theoretical basis was provided by selecting new yield increasing measures suitable for sustainable development in loess tableland. [methods] based on the field location experiment in Weibei dryland for many years, the blank control was selected to apply nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. There were 6 treatments of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer plus biochar, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer plus plastic film semi-mulching in growth period and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer plus summer fallow period, all treatments were ploughed after harvest and sowing. The physicochemical properties, yield and agronomic indexes of winter wheat under different treatments were analyzed. [results] compared with the control, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the saturated water conductivity and reduced the compactness of the topsoil. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, total phosphorus and total phosphorus in the topsoil were significantly increased by increasing water consumption, water use efficiency and rainfall utilization efficiency of winter wheat during the growth period, and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus in the topsoil were significantly increased. The yield of winter wheat has doubled for three consecutive years. Compared with the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus, the application of potassium fertilizer increased the compactness of topsoil in jointing stage of winter wheat, but significantly decreased the bulk density of soil, increased the total porosity and increased the water use efficiency of winter wheat at harvest stage. To some extent, the total nitrogen and organic matter content in the topsoil were increased, and the leaf area index of winter wheat was significantly increased. The average yield of winter wheat was 4500 kg / hm ~ (-2) for three consecutive years, and the bulk density of topsoil decreased to the lowest 1.16 g / cm ~ (-3), which increased the total porosity of the soil and resulted in the maximum saturated water conductivity of 0.049 cm / min, which increased the water use efficiency. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus in the topsoil increased to some extent, and the yield of winter wheat increased. All of them significantly reduced the saturated water conductivity, increased the soil compactness, increased the water use efficiency of winter wheat, increased the contents of organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, and decreased the total phosphorus content, and decreased the soil pH. The average yield of winter wheat was between 4 700 kg/hm~2 and 4 800 kg/hm~2. [conclusion] compared with the control, the long-term application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the yield of winter wheat, but led to the decrease of soil pH. Applying biochar on the basis of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer can significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and increase the yield of winter wheat, but its economic investment is too high. On the basis of applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, increasing potash fertilizer and mulching with film in growing period can improve the soil nutrient status of the tilth layer and have certain economic benefits. It is a suitable measure for increasing the yield of winter wheat in Loess Plateau.
【作者单位】：西北农林科技大学资源环境学院;黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室;中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所;
【基金】：国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B01) 西北农林科技大学科技成果推广项目(TGZX2015-24) 宁夏农业综合开发科研推广项目(NTKJ-2013-03-1)资助
【分类号】：S153;S512.11

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