秸秆还田方式与化肥配施对玉米生长及土壤养分的影响

发布时间：2018-05-09 14:42

本文选题：秸秆还田 + 玉米产量　；参考：《沈阳农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：秸秆还田是一种高效的秸秆利用方式,秸秆还田可以改善土壤物理性状,提高土壤养分含量,增加微生物活性等。秸秆还田有直接还田和堆沤还田等多种方式,不同的还田方式具有不同的腐解及养分释放特点并会产生不同的农田效应。但秸秆单独还田在我国北方存在着腐解速度慢,养分不易释放的问题;还会造成微生物与植物争氮的现象。大量研究表明,秸秆与化肥配施可以有效的改善此类问题,提高土壤养分的供应能力,保证较高的作物增产潜力。虽然国内外已经开展了大量关于秸秆还田效应的研究,但适合于东北地区最佳秸秆还田方式还有待进一步探讨。本研究以沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验站为平台,研究玉米秸秆直接还田、腐熟还田和化肥配施条件下玉米生长状况及产量的变化,探索土壤养分的周转及玉米养分吸收规律,为东北地区培肥土壤并建立合理的秸秆还田制度提供理论参考。主要研究结果如下:(1)各秸秆还田及施肥处理较对照均可明显增加玉米的产量,提高茎粗、株高及叶绿素含量。其中秸秆还田配施化肥的效果最显著,其次是单施化肥处理,再次是单施秸秆处理。这表明单施秸秆较单施化肥不能为当季作物提供充足速效养分,而秸秆还田配施化肥能较好的促进玉米生育时期的生长,改善光合作用,最大限度的提高作物产量。(2)秸秆还田和施用化肥均可显著影响土壤养分状况。秸秆还田与化肥配施对提高土壤各项养分指标明显优于单施秸秆或单施化肥,且单独施用化肥对土壤速效养分的供应要优于单施秸秆处理。从土壤养分与作物的相关性分析来看,养分的供应状况是玉米产量形成的重要限制因素。(3)秸秆直接还田配施化肥能较大幅度的提高肥料利用率,这表明秸秆直接还田配施化肥能使作物优先利用化肥养分,当化肥养分不足以供应作物生长时,秸秆经过一段时间的分解所矿化养分又会对土壤养分起到补充作用。(4)在秸秆还田配施化肥的情况下,未腐熟秸秆配施化肥对玉米生长及土壤养分状况的改善效果要优于腐熟秸秆还田;而在单施秸秆情况下,腐熟秸秆还田的效果则要优于未腐熟秸秆直接还田。这可反应出来化肥的配施以及不同的还田方式会产生不同的秸秆腐解及养分供应过程,其作用机理及影响机制还有待进一步的探讨。
[Abstract]:Straw return is an efficient way to use straw, which can improve soil physical properties, increase soil nutrient content, increase microbial activity and so on. There are many ways of returning straw to field directly and retting. Different ways of returning straw have different characteristics of decomposition and nutrient release and will produce different farmland effects. However, straw returning alone in the north of China has the problems of slow decomposition rate, difficult release of nutrients, and the phenomenon of nitrogen dispute between microorganisms and plants. A large number of studies have shown that the combination of straw and chemical fertilizer can effectively improve such problems, improve the supply capacity of soil nutrients, and ensure a higher crop yield potential. Although a large number of studies have been carried out at home and abroad on the effect of straw returning to the field, the best way of returning straw to the field in Northeast China needs to be further discussed. In this study, the change of maize growth and yield was studied under the condition of direct return of corn straw to field, decomposed returning field and combined application of chemical fertilizer on the platform of long-term location test station of brown soil fertilizer in Shenyang Agricultural University. To explore the rules of soil nutrient turnover and corn nutrient absorption, to provide a theoretical reference for fertilizing soil and establishing a reasonable straw return system in Northeast China. The main results were as follows: (1) the yield of maize, stem diameter, plant height and chlorophyll content were significantly increased after straw returning and fertilization treatment. The effect of straw returning to the field with chemical fertilizer was the most remarkable, followed by the treatment of single chemical fertilizer and the treatment of single straw. The results showed that straw application alone could not provide sufficient available nutrients for crops in the current season, and straw returning to the field with chemical fertilizer could promote the growth of maize and improve photosynthesis. The maximum increase of crop yield. 2) the application of chemical fertilizer and straw could significantly affect the soil nutrient status. The combined application of straw and chemical fertilizer was superior to the single application of straw or single fertilizer in improving the soil nutrient index, and the supply of soil available nutrients by applying chemical fertilizer alone was better than that of the single application of straw. According to the correlation analysis of soil nutrients and crops, nutrient supply is an important limiting factor of maize yield formation. The results showed that straw returning directly to the field with chemical fertilizer could give priority to the utilization of fertilizer nutrients, and when the fertilizer nutrients were not sufficient to supply the growth of crops, After a period of decomposition, the mineralized nutrients of the straw will supplement the soil nutrients. (4) under the condition of returning the straw to the field and applying chemical fertilizer, The effect of fertilizer application on maize growth and soil nutrient status was better than that on the return of rotting straw to the field, but on the condition of single straw application, the effect of decomposed straw returning to the field was better than that of uncooked straw directly. This can reflect that the combination of chemical fertilizer and different ways of returning to the field will result in different processes of straw decomposition and nutrient supply. The mechanism of its action and the mechanism of its influence need to be further discussed.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513;S158

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