增施猪粪及猪粪生物炭对稻田土壤磷素迁移转化的影响

发布时间：2018-05-14 12:45

本文选题：水稻土 + 磷形态　；参考：《浙江大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：本研究基于太湖流域的嘉兴农科院野外试验站开展了大田试验,在长期(2005-2014年)施用猪粪有机肥为基肥的背景下,研究了水稻千粒重、产量,土壤剖面理化性质和胶体颗粒表征,土壤、田面水、水稻谷粒和秸秆中磷素31PNMR检测的化学形态,土壤和田面水释放的胶体态磷和溶解态磷。在猪粪热解制备猪粪生物炭的过程中,利用了31PNMR和XANES技术研究了不同热解温度对生物炭理化性质和磷素形态的影响；同时,考察了猪粪及其生物炭在不同溶剂中的溶解性和最适动力学拟合方程。基于实验室培养的条件开展了盆栽试验,在2种不同类型的水稻土种植水稻,研究了施用400℃制备的猪粪生物炭对土壤磷素形态、土壤磷酸酶活性、微生物种群结构及水稻对重金属吸收量的影响。本论文的研究结果以期为在稻田生态系统中合理选择有机肥施用量,热解技术对猪粪制备粪源生物炭过程理化性质的影响,以及粪源生物炭投入到大田试验中进行农业生产,提供了科学参考价值。具体研究结果如下：(1)增施猪粪有机肥增加了水稻谷粒的结实率、和千粒重,水稻产量随着有机肥施用量的增加而增加,39kg P ha-1的猪粪为最佳施用量,水稻产量比不施肥处理提高了27.9%。稻田土壤0-20 cm层pH值随有机肥用量的增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但M2与M3处理间无显著性差异。4种有机肥处理对20 cm层以下的土壤pH值无显著影响。增施有机肥显著提高了0-5 cm层土壤的CEC,从Mo处理的7.92cmol kg-1增加到M3处理的12.77 cmol kg-1,但对40-60 cm层土壤CEC无显著性影响。增施猪粪有机肥对土壤粒径分布的差异不显著。在0-5、5-20和20-40 cm层,增施有机肥使土壤总碳、总氮、总磷、土壤有机碳和Olsen-P的含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。增施有机肥增加了0-20 cm层土壤有机磷的含量,但有机磷占总磷的比例反而降低。通过SEM-EDS发现,稻田土壤胶体颗粒的形貌主要呈鳞片状,赋存了较多的Al、Fe、Mg、K、Ca等金属元素。增施猪粪有机肥对土壤剖面中胶体颗粒表面的官能团结构影响不大,但增加了20 cm表层中土壤胶体颗粒上多水高岭石和白云母晶体矿物质的含量。土壤胶体颗粒的含量随土壤深度的增加而增加。增施猪粪有机肥对0-5 cm和5-20 cm土层胶体颗粒含量的影响不显著,但在20-40 cm和40-60 cm层,增施猪粪有机肥增加了土壤胶体颗粒的含量。(2)正磷酸盐是稻田0-60 cm剖面所有土壤样品中最主要的磷素化合物,其次是肌醇六磷酸。0-20 cm层磷素化合物的形态较多,且各形态磷含量随猪粪施用量增加而增加；在20 cm以下,除正磷酸盐和肌醇六磷酸外几乎没有其他磷素化合物存在。各层土壤中,溶解磷和胶体磷的含量随有机肥施用量增加而增加。随土壤深度的增加,溶解磷呈现逐渐降低的趋势。0-20 cm层,溶解磷的含量较多；而20 cm以下胶体磷的含量较多。正磷酸盐是田面水中最主要的磷素化合物；施肥后,M3和M2处理组的田面水中出现少量磷酸单酯。施猪粪后第1天,田面水颗粒磷、溶解磷和胶体磷的含量迅速增加；随着时间推移这3种粒径的磷含量逐渐降低,但胶体磷占总磷的百分比维持稳定。增施猪粪有机肥增加了水稻谷粒和秸秆中总氮、总磷的累计量,但上述指标在M2与M3处理间没有显著性差异。水稻秸秆和谷粒中主要的磷素形态分别是正磷酸盐和植酸；增施猪粪增加了谷粒中植酸的含量,增加了秸秆中正磷酸盐和植酸的含量。增施猪粪有机肥增加了土壤中4种磷酸酶的活性,且磷酸酶活性可以作为估算土壤正磷酸盐和肌醇六磷酸含量的指标。(3)热解猪粪制备猪粪生物炭的过程,基本理化性质受热解温度的影响很大。该过程富集了金属元素和磷的含量,增加了猪粪生物炭的比表面积,降低了平均空隙直径。结合31PNMR和XANES技术,猪粪原料中含量最多的无机磷和有机磷分别是正磷酸盐和肌醇六磷酸。热解过程促进了有机磷逐渐转化为正磷酸盐和焦磷酸盐。在700℃制备的猪粪生物炭中,正磷酸盐成为唯一的含磷化合物,并可能以钙结合态磷的形式存在。4种不同浸提剂对猪粪及其生物炭中磷素的浸提效果依次为：草酸铵NaOH-EDTA去离子水Mehlich 3溶液。猪粪和猪粪生物炭中磷素的释放机制不同：猪粪的磷素释放曲线符合Elovich方程,700℃猪粪生物炭的磷素释放曲线符合零级动力学方程,400℃猪粪生物炭的磷素释放曲线则可以用分段的Elovich方程和零级动力学方程来拟合。(4)盆栽试验中,增施400℃猪粪生物炭显著提高了2种供试稻田土壤的pH、CEC和AEC,增加了土壤总碳、总氮、总磷、Olsen-P及有效钾的含量,且增施0.5%与1.5%猪粪生物炭处理组之间存在显著性差异。增施猪粪生物炭增加了2种供试稻田土壤中正磷酸盐和焦磷酸盐的含量,但降低了磷酸单酯的含量。由于2种供试土壤本身pH值存在差异,增施猪粪生物炭降低了酸性磷酸单酯酶的活性,但对碱性磷酸单酯酶活性的影响不一致。增施猪粪生物炭增加了2种供试土壤中微生物群落的复杂程度,增加了土壤中好氧细菌和真菌的PLFAs含量,但对放线菌含量的影响不一致；增加了革兰氏阴性菌的含量,但对革兰氏阳性菌没有显著影响。增施猪粪生物炭提高了水稻谷粒和秸秆中氮、磷的积累量,还提高了秸秆中钾的积累量。此外,增施猪粪生物炭可能会增加水稻籽粒中Cd、Zn的积累,但是降低了Pb、As、Cu等重金属的积累量。增施0.5%和1.5%的猪粪生物炭种植的水稻中,Cd、Pb、As的含量均没有超过中国卫生部食品标准的最高限制。
[Abstract]:In this study, a field experiment was carried out on the basis of the field test station of the Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences in the Taihu River Basin. Under the background of long-term (2005-2014 years) application of pig manure organic manure, the 1000 grain weight, yield, soil profile physical and chemical properties and colloidal particles, soil, field water, rice grain and straw were tested for the chemical form of phosphorus 31PNMR. In the process of pig manure pyrolysis for pig manure, the effects of different pyrolysis temperatures on physicochemical properties and phosphorus forms of biological charcoal were studied by 31PNMR and XANES, and the solubility and optimal power of pig manure and its biological charcoal in different solvents were investigated. A pot experiment was carried out on the basis of laboratory cultivation conditions. The effects of soil phosphorus morphology, soil phosphatase activity, microbial population structure and rice on heavy metal uptake were studied in 2 different types of paddy soil. The rational selection of organic fertilizer application amount in the rice field ecosystem, the effect of pyrolysis technology on the physicochemical properties of pig manure source biological carbon process, and the fecal source bio carbon into the field test for agricultural production, provide scientific reference value. The specific results are as follows: (1) adding pig manure organic manure increases the seed setting rate of rice grain. And 1000 grain weight, the rice yield increased with the increase of the amount of organic manure, the 39kg P HA-1 pig manure was the best dosage, the rice yield was higher than the non fertilization treatment, the pH value of 0-20 cm layer in the 27.9%. paddy soil increased gradually with the increase of the organic manure, but there was no significant difference between the M2 and M3 at the.4 kind of organic fertilizer treatment to 20 cm. The soil pH value below the layer was not significantly affected. The application of organic manure increased the CEC of 0-5 cm layer soil, the 7.92cmol kg-1 treated from Mo to the M3 treatment 12.77 CMoL kg-1, but had no significant effect on the 40-60 cm layer soil. The content of soil total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soil organic carbon and Olsen-P increased gradually. Adding organic manure increased the content of organic phosphorus in the 0-20 cm layer, but the proportion of organophosphorus to total phosphorus decreased. It was found that the morphology of the colloid particles in the paddy field was mainly flaky, and there were more Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca. The effect of adding pig manure on the structure of the colloid particles on the surface of the soil was little influenced, but the content of polywater kaolinite and Muscovite in the soil colloid particles in the 20 cm surface was increased. The content of soil colloid particles increased with the increase of soil depth. The addition of pig manure organic manure to 0-5 cm and 5- The content of colloid particles in 20 cm soil layer is not significantly affected, but the content of soil colloid particles is increased in 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers. (2) orthophosphate is the most important phosphorus compound in all soil samples of the 0-60 cm section of rice field, and the next is the form of the phosphorus compound of the inositol six phosphoric acid.0-20 cm layer and various forms. Phosphorus content increased with the increase of pig manure. Under 20 cm, there were almost no other phosphorus compounds except orthophosphate and inositol six phosphoric acid. The content of dissolved phosphorus and colloid phosphorus increased with the amount of organic fertilizer in each layer. With the increase of soil depth, the dissolved phosphorus showed a trend of decreasing trend in the.0-20 cm layer. The content of phosphorus is more, and the content of colloid is more than 20 cm. Orthophosphate is the most important phosphorus compound in the field water. After fertilization, a small amount of phosphoric acid monophosphate appears in the field water of M3 and M2 treatment group. The content of phosphorus and colloid phosphorus in the field water increases rapidly after first days of pig manure, and the 3 kinds of particle size are changed with time. The phosphorus content gradually decreased, but the percentage of total phosphorus was stable. The increase of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in rice grain and straw was increased by adding pig manure, but there was no significant difference between M2 and M3. The main phosphorus forms in rice straw and grain were phosphate and phytic acid, respectively. Increase the content of phytic acid in grain, increase the content of orthophosphate and phytic acid in straw, increase the activity of 4 phosphatase in soil, and the activity of phosphatase can be used as an index to estimate the content of phosphate and inositol six phosphoric acid. (3) the process of preparing pig manure from pig manure and its basic physicochemical properties The content of metal elements and phosphorus was enriched, the specific surface area of pig manure was enriched, and the average space diameter was reduced. Combined with 31PNMR and XANES technology, the most inorganic phosphorus and organophosphorus in pig manure were orthophosphate and inositol six phosphoric acid. The pyrolysis process promoted organic phosphorus gradually. In the pig manure Biocharcoal prepared at 700 C, orthophosphate is the only phosphorus containing compound, and there may be.4 different extractant in the form of calcium binding phosphorus for pig manure and its biological charcoal in successively the extraction effect of ammonium oxalate NaOH-EDTA deionized water Mehlich 3 solution, pig manure and pig The release mechanism of phosphorus in the fecal carbon is different: the phosphorus release curve of pig manure conforms to the Elovich equation. The phosphorus release curve of pig manure at 700 C conforms to the zero order kinetic equation. The phosphorus release curve of pig manure in 400 C can be fitted with the piecewise Elovich equation and zero order dynamic equation. (4) 40 in pot experiment, increase by 40 0 centigrade pig manure biological charcoal significantly increased the soil pH, CEC and AEC, increased the total soil total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Olsen-P and effective potassium content, and there was a significant difference between 0.5% and 1.5% pig manure biochar treatment group. Adding pig manure bio carbon added 2 kinds of rice field soil orthophosphate and pyrophosphate content. Amount, but decreased the content of phosphoric acid monoester. Due to the difference in the pH value of the 2 tested soil, adding pig manure biochar decreased the activity of acid phosphate monoesterase, but the effect on the activity of alkaline phosphatase was not consistent. Adding pig manure bio carbon increased the complexity of microbiological communities in 2 kinds of tested soil, and increased the soil quality. The PLFAs content of oxygen bacteria and fungi, but the effect on the content of actinomycetes, increased the content of Gram-negative bacteria, but had no significant effect on Gram-positive bacteria. Adding pig manure to increase the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in rice grain and straw, and increase the accumulation of potassium in straw. In addition, adding pig manure bio carbon can be added. It can increase the accumulation of Cd and Zn in rice grains, but reduce the accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb, As, Cu and other heavy metals. The content of Cd, Pb and As in the rice grown by 0.5% and 1.5% of pig manure has not exceeded the highest limit of the food standards of the Chinese Ministry of health.

【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S158;X53

【参考文献】