弹尾纲、长角（虫兆）总科及长角（虫兆）科系统发育研究

发布时间：2018-05-25 18:43

本文选题：弹尾纲 + 长角（虫兆）科　；参考：《南京大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：弹尾纲(Collembola)物种俗称跳虫,简称（虫兆）,广泛分布于全世界的各种陆生环境,是三大土壤动物(线虫、螨虫、跳虫)之一。现生跳虫大约8000余种,分为4目、29科。之前的研究大多集中在形态学方面,对支序以及系统发育分析很少涉猎。本文对弹尾纲的研究历史、重要的形态学特征(如毛序、鳞片等)以及系统发生和系统发育进行了综述。此外,本文也对弹尾纲物种线粒体的功能和其基因组的特征、基因序列作了简要的阐述。同时,本文也通过分子生物学手段对弹尾纲、长角姚总科及长角（虫兆）科进行了系统发育分析。本文着重描述了两种弹尾纲物种线粒体基因组,包括取样、测序以及拼接、注释和分析的详细过程。因此,弹尾纲内的线粒体全基因序列也由原来的7科10条增加至9科12条。此外,本文还对线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的碱基和氨基酸序列利用MrBayes进行了系统发育分析,分析结果大致与传统形态学分类一致,但在某些具体的节点则有一些分歧,诸如节腹类(Arthropleona)和长角（虫兆）目(Entomobryomorpha)都并非单系；原姚目(Poduromorpha)内部[棘（虫兆）科+(水（虫兆）科(球角（虫兆）科+疣（虫兆）科))]的结果也与以往分类学者所认为的[棘姚科+(球角姚科+(水（虫兆）科+疣（虫兆）科))]相互矛盾。至于这几个类群之间的准确关系,仍有待对球角（虫兆）科以及疣（虫兆）科样本作进一步分析后进行深入探讨。本文还通过分子生物学手段,重点分析了弹尾纲最大的科,长角（虫兆）科的系统发育关系。在分析该科系统发育关系时,所选的基因标记片段为核基因18S rRNA和部分28S rRNA以及线粒体基因16S rRNA.通过最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)等手段,对上述基因标记片段进行分析后发现,部分类群的单系性与形态学分类一致,但是有些分支,尤其是传统分类学以鳞片为标准分出的节点(如短腹（虫兆）科以及长角（虫兆）科内部,长角（虫兆）族和柳（虫兆）族)没有得到很好的重建,这一结果提示,传统分类学以是否具有鳞片的分类标准并不确切。另外,这部分分析也对鳞片的祖先特征状态进行了重建,得到了一些与鳞片演化过程有关的结论,长角（虫兆）科祖先特征重建分析提示,体表鳞片这一特征已经独立演化了五次,其中鳞片的独立缺失至少有两次。由此,以形态特征、尤其是基于鳞片特征为标准,确定的长角（虫兆）科发育关系亟需修订。最后,本文对长角姚总科进行了较为全面的系统发育分析,所选基因标记片段为核基因18S rRNA和部分28S rRNA以及线粒体基因16S rRNA和COI。这部分分析所用的方法包括最大似然法和贝叶斯法。所得系统发育树与传统形态学分类以弹器特征作为标准,所划定的发育关系相差较大,发育树拓扑结构分析结果也与传统分类观点不一致。此外,弹器的祖先特征状况和系统发育学信号,加之其他一些潜在的有用特征,比如体表鳞片以及感觉毛等的系统发育学信号也通过系统发育学重建在这里得到了检验。检验结果显示,弹器(包括叉状齿节和末端端节)及体表鳞片的系统发育学信号相对较低,而背部感觉毛却显示出极强的系统发育学信号。
[Abstract]:The Collembola species, commonly known as the dipole (Chong Zhao), is widely distributed throughout the world, and is one of the three major soil animals (nematodes, mites, and hops). There are about 8000 species of the present dive species, which are divided into 4 orders and 29 families. Most of the previous studies were concentrated in the morphological aspects and rarely involved in the sequence and phylogenetic analysis. The research history, the important morphological features (such as hair order, scales, etc.) as well as the phylogenetic and phylogeny of the phylogeny are reviewed. In addition, the function of the mitochondria and the characteristics of its genome and the sequence of the gene are briefly described in this paper. At the same time, this article has also used the molecular biological means to make the tail class, the long horned Yao Zong. The phylogenetic analysis of the family and the long horn (Chong Zhao) family has been carried out. This paper focuses on the description of the mitochondrial genome of two species of the caudal species, including sampling, sequencing, splicing, annotation and analysis. Therefore, the mitochondrial whole gene sequence in the cauda is also increased from 10 in the original 7 families to 12 in 9 families. In addition, the mitochondrial gene is also used in this paper. The base and amino acid sequences of the 13 protein coding genes were analyzed by MrBayes, and the results were roughly consistent with the traditional morphological classification, but there were some differences in certain specific nodes, such as Arthropleona and Entomobryomorpha (Entomobryomorpha), and the original Arthropleona (Poduromorpha). ) the results of the internal [Chong Zhao] Department + (Chong Zhao) family (Chong Zhao) family (Chong Zhao) + wart (verruca))] are also contradictory to the previous classifications considered by the [iyao yyao + (yyao) + (water (water (insect) family + wart (Chong Zhao) family)]. As for the exact relationship between these groups, the ball angle (Chong Zhao) family and the wart (Chong Zhao) family are still needed to be used as a sample. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationship of the largest family of the long horns (Chong Zhao) family was analyzed by molecular biology methods. In the analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of the family, the selected gene markers were selected as nuclear gene 18S rRNA and partial 28S rRNA and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA. through the maximum simplified method (MP By means of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian method (BI), the analysis of the above gene markers showed that the monophyleties of some groups were in accordance with the morphological classification, but some branches, especially the traditional taxonomic nodes (such as the short abdomen (Chong Zhao) family and the long horn (Chong Zhao) family, the long horns (Chong Zhao) and the willow (Chong Zhao) and willow (Chong Zhao). The results suggest that the traditional taxonomy is not accurate for the classification of scales. In addition, this part of the analysis also reconstructs the ancestral state of the scales, and gets some conclusions related to the evolution of the scales, the analysis of the ancestral characteristics of the long horns (Chong Zhao) family, the body surface This feature has evolved five times independently, and the independent deletion of scales is at least two times. Thus, the development relationship of the long horns (Chong Zhao) family is urgently needed to be revised in terms of morphological characteristics, especially the scales based on scales. Finally, this paper has carried out a more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the long horn yyao family, the selected gene marker fragment. The methods used for the analysis of nuclear gene 18S rRNA, partial 28S rRNA, and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA and COI. include the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method. The phylogenetic tree and the traditional morphological classification are based on the characteristics of the projectile, and the differences in the development relationship between the phylogenetic tree and the development tree are also different from those of the traditional ones. In addition, the ancestral characteristics and phylogenetic signals of the projectile, as well as some other potential useful features, such as the body surface scales and sensory hair, have also been tested here by phylogenetic reconstruction. The results show that the projectile (including the forked and terminal segments) and the body are shown. Phylogenetic signals of scales were relatively low, while dorsal sensory hair showed strong phylogenetic signals.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S154.3

【共引文献】