麦玉两熟制秸秆还田促腐措施对土壤和作物的影响研究

发布时间：2018-05-29 10:32

本文选题：冬小麦 + 夏玉米　；参考：《河南农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：为探究黄淮海区冬小麦-夏玉米两熟制农田秸秆还田腐解规律及其培肥机理,2012年10月~2014年9月,以冬小麦西农979、夏玉米郑单958为供试作物,通过大田定位试验,在周年秸秆全量还田的基础上,设置:不施肥处理(CK),常规施肥(300 kg·hm-2纯氮)(SF),常规施肥+秸秆腐熟剂(SFD),常规施肥+精致有机肥(SFM)4个处理。系统研究了多种秸秆还田促腐方式对秸秆腐解及农田土壤物理化学生物性状、作物生长发育、产量形成的影响。主要结果如下:1.麦玉两熟制下秸秆还田配施有机肥处理(SFM)和配施秸秆腐熟剂处理(SFD)能够显著提高土壤耕层含水量和养分含量,改善土壤结构,增强土壤微生物活性。秸秆还田配施有机肥处理(SFM)和配施秸秆腐熟剂处理(SFD)能够显著提高表层(0-20cm)土壤0.25mm水稳性大团聚体比例,降低0.25mm水稳性微团聚体比例,夏玉米季的水稳性大团聚体比例整体较冬小麦季的高;能够提高土壤耕层含水量,增加土壤耕层碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,增强小麦玉米生育期土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性。2.麦玉两熟制下秸秆还田配施有机肥处理(SFM)和配施秸秆腐熟剂处理(SFD)能够提高作物光合能力和产量。秸秆还田配施有机肥处理(SFM)和配施秸秆腐熟剂处理(SFD)叶绿素SPAD值、开花期和灌浆期净光合速率(Pn)均大于单施化肥处理(SF),3种促腐处理则均明显大于施肥处理(CK);配施有机肥(SFM)处理小麦玉米干物质积累量及收获期地上部生物量明显高于其他处理;配施有机肥(SFM)和添加秸秆腐熟剂(SFD)处理的小麦玉米产量明显高于其他处理,其中在2014年小麦季3种促腐处理产量出现显著性差异。3.麦玉两熟制下秸秆还田促腐处理能明显降低周年氮盈余量,提高作物氮素利用效率,降低基础地力对产量的贡献率,提高农田经济效益。秸秆还田配施有机肥处理(SFM)和配施秸秆腐熟剂处理(SFD)明显提高作物氮收获指数、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力以及氮素产投比;从周年氮平衡看,单施秸秆会造成农田生态系统氮素亏缺,SFM、SFD处理则在施纯氮量300kg·hm-2时出现氮盈余,较SF处理明显降低了氮素盈余量,提高了氮素利用效率;从农田经济效益看,SFM、SFD处理资本投入较大,但周年经济效益及纯收益增长率比SF处理提高了37.99%、9.47%;从地力对产量贡献率看,秸秆还田促腐处理经过连续两年试验,能明显降低基础地力对产量的贡献率,其中SFM、SFD处理周年地力对产量的贡献率降低了9.39%、8.86%,降幅显著高于SF处理。4.采用尼龙网袋法研究麦秸、玉米秸腐解规律。以配施秸秆腐熟剂(SFD)和有机肥(SFM)处理的秸秆腐解率最大,小麦、玉米秸秆在不同促腐处理经过当季的分解,玉米秸秆累计腐解率大于小麦秸秆,分别为57.69%-67.79%、59.10%-67.43%,周年秸秆累计腐解率为58.37%-67.07%,各处理表现为SFMSFDSFCK;秸秆腐解率与时间的回归模型模拟中,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆腐解以三次模型的拟合度最好R2为0.984-0.985,0.992-0.999,其中SFM、SFD处理秸秆完全腐解时间均为最短;不同秸秆促腐下玉米、小麦秸秆氮素释放了57.51%-68.80%、56.41%-65.81%,各处理表现与秸秆累计腐解率一致;因此还田秸秆促腐处理中以配施秸秆腐熟剂(SFD)和有机肥(SFM)秸秆腐解速率最大。
[Abstract]:In order to explore the decomposition rule and fertilization mechanism of winter wheat and summer corn two cropland straw returning in yellow Huaihe sea area, in September ~2014 year September, the winter wheat West Farm 979 and summer maize Zhengdan 958 were used as the tested crops. On the basis of the field location test, on the basis of the annual full amount of straw returning, no fertilizer treatment (CK) and conventional fertilization (300 kg. Pure) were set up. Nitrogen (SF), conventional fertilization + straw maturing agent (SFD), conventional fertilization and fine organic fertilizer (SFM) were treated with 4 treatments. The effects of a variety of straw returning methods on straw decomposition and soil physical and chemical biological characters, crop growth and growth and yield formation were systematically studied. The main results were as follows: 1. the straw returning to the field and applying organic fertilizer under the system of two ripening of wheat and jade Treatment (SFM) and straw maturing agent (SFD) can significantly increase soil water content and nutrient content, improve soil structure and enhance soil microbial activity. Straw returning with organic fertilizer treatment (SFM) and application of straw decomposing agent treatment (SFD) can significantly increase the proportion of large aggregate aggregate of 0.25mm water stable in soil (0-20cm), and decrease 0.2 The proportion of 5mm water stable microaggregate, the proportion of water stable large aggregate in summer corn season is higher than that of winter wheat. It can increase soil water content, increase soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, quick available phosphorus, content of available potassium, increase soil urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase activity of wheat and maize under the two ripening of wheat and jade under the growth period of wheat and corn, and make straw returning to the field. The application of organic manure treatment (SFM) and straw maturing agent treatment (SFD) can improve the photosynthetic capacity and yield of crops. Straw returning with organic fertilizer treatment (SFM) and straw decomposing agent treatment (SFD) chlorophyll SPAD value, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at flowering and filling stage (SF), and 3 kinds of corrosion promoting treatments are obviously greater than the application. Fertilizer treatment (CK), combined application of organic fertilizer (SFM) treatment of dry matter accumulation of wheat and corn and the biomass of aboveground biomass in harvest period were significantly higher than that of other treatments. The yield of wheat and corn treated with organic manure (SFM) and straw maturing agent (SFD) was significantly higher than that of other treatments. In the 2014 wheat season, the yield of 3 kinds of rot promoting treatment was significantly different from that of.3.. Straw returning in two maturing system can obviously reduce the annual nitrogen surplus, improve the nitrogen use efficiency, reduce the contribution rate of the basic soil fertility to the yield, and improve the economic benefit of the farmland. The straw returning with organic fertilizer treatment (SFM) and the application of straw decomposing agent treatment (SFD) can obviously improve the crop nitrogen harvest index and the nitrogen fertilizer application. Rate, partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen production and investment ratio; from the annual nitrogen balance, single application of straw could cause nitrogen deficit in farmland ecosystem. SFM and SFD treatment showed nitrogen surplus in the application of pure nitrogen 300kg. Hm-2. Compared with SF treatment, nitrogen surplus was obviously reduced and nitrogen use efficiency was improved. From the economic benefit of farmland, SFM, SFD treated capital investment. But the annual economic benefit and the growth rate of pure income increased by 37.99% and 9.47% compared with the SF treatment. From the contribution of the soil to the yield, the contribution rate of the ground force to the yield could be obviously reduced by two consecutive years of experiment on the contribution rate of straw returning to the field, of which the contribution rate of SFM and SFD to the yield was reduced by 9.39% and 8.86%, and the decrease was significantly higher. The SF treatment.4. was used to study the law of wheat straw and Corn Stalk Decomposition by nylon mesh bag method. The maximum decomposition rate of straw was treated with straw maturing agent (SFD) and organic fertilizer (SFM). The cumulative decomposition rate of wheat and corn straw was larger than that of wheat straw, 57.69%-67.79%, 59.10%-67.43%, respectively. The cumulative decomposition rate of straw was 58.37%-67.07%, and each treatment was SFMSFDSFCK. In the regression model of straw decomposition rate and time, the best fitting degree of corn straw and wheat straw decomposition with the three model was R2 0.984-0.985,0.992-0.999, in which SFM, SFD straw completely decomposed time was the shortest; different straw promoted the rot corn, small corn, small corn, small The nitrogen of wheat straw released 57.51%-68.80%, 56.41%-65.81%, and the performance of each treatment was the same as the accumulative decomposition rate of straw. Therefore, the rate of decomposition of straw rotting agent (SFD) and organic fertilizer (SFM) was the greatest.
【学位授予单位】：河南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S141.4

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