耐盐植物生物质炭特性及对盐渍化土壤改良培肥的作用与机理

发布时间：2018-06-02 17:48

本文选题：耐盐植物 + 生物质炭　；参考：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：河套灌区是我国粮食主要产区之一,土壤盐渍化比较严重,制约了当地农业生产甚至社会经济发展。本地区耐盐植物资源十分丰富,开发利用耐盐植物资源,并用于改良盐渍化土壤,显然具有重要的理论和实践意义。本研究首先利用固定床慢速热裂解技术,在300℃,500℃和700℃下炭化处理猪毛菜、柳枝稷和油葵秸秆,分析裂解产物生物油、生物气和生物质炭成分及其特性,并评估其潜在应用价值;再通过田间试验,研究不同用量生物质炭(0,30,75和150t ha-1)对盐渍化土壤肥力及玉米生长的影响,并探究其作用机理,获得了以下主要研究结果:(1)以猪毛菜、柳枝稷和油葵秸秆为原料进行热裂解,不仅可以得到26-48%生物质炭,还可得到26-33%生物油和26-47%生物气。生物质炭的特性主要受裂解温度的影响,且与原材料密切相关。三种原料制备的生物质炭的含碳量、pH、电导率、灰分、CEC、芳香度及碱性官能团的含量随裂解温度升高而增加,而水溶性养分、脂肪度随裂解温度升高而降低。生物质炭上述指标均在500℃达到基本稳定。但是,猪毛菜生物质炭的pH、EC和灰分最高;油葵秸秆生物质炭其次,柳枝稷生物质炭最低。此外,猪毛菜生物质炭的CEC和碘吸附值也显著高于同温度下其他原料制备的生物质炭;而柳枝稷生物质炭的含碳量最高,油葵秸秆生物质炭次之,猪毛菜生物质炭最低。(2)盐渍化土壤施用不同量生物质炭显著改变了土壤微生物量碳氮磷的周转特征:与对照(不施炭土壤)相比,施炭土壤SMBc的周转期增加了 121.38-148.74%,且生物质炭用量越大增加幅度越大;相反,施炭土壤SMBN和SMBP的周转期分别降低了 9.16-31.17%和5.56-50.24%,且生物质炭用量越大降低幅度越小。对照土壤SMBN周转的供氮量为40.08%,而施炭土壤SMBN周转的供氮量降低了 5.06-20.83%;对照和低量生物质炭土壤SMBP周转量超过了玉米的吸磷量,而高量生物质炭(30t ha-1)土壤SMBP周转量仅为玉米吸磷量的50.78-73.04%。(3)盐渍化土壤施用不同量生物质炭显著影响了玉米生长旺盛期反硝化细菌的基因丰度和群落结构:高量生物质炭(30tha-1)提高了土壤nirK,nirS和nosZ型反硝化细菌的基因拷贝数,与对照相比分别提高了 57.47-69.07%,114.11-137.61%和 96.79-106.41%。盐渍化土壤nirK,nirS和nosZ型反硝化细菌主要门是Proteobacteria(变形菌门),施用生物质炭改变了nirK,nirS和nosZ型反硝化细菌属的组成及其相对丰度。然而,α多样性分析表明,生物质炭的施用仅提高了nirK型反硝化细菌的群落多样性,但对其他反硝化细菌群落多样性无显著影响。土壤pH、EC和SOC是影响nirK和nosZ型反硝化细菌群落的关键环境因子。(4)盐渍化土壤施用不同量生物质炭对土壤物理化学性质产生显著的影响,对玉米生长及其NPK的吸收也产生显著的影响:高量生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重,与对照相比降低了2.68-22.82%,降低幅度与生物质炭的用量呈正比,而与生物质炭的施用年限呈反比;类似地,生物质炭的施用也提高了土壤大孔隙的数量和水稳性大团聚体的含量(250 μm)。高量生物质炭降低了土壤的钠饱和度,与对照相比降低了 32.8247.48%,降低幅度与生物质炭的用量和施用年限均呈正相关;生物质炭的施用提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量,与对照相比分别提高了 112.34-856.92%,9.09-197.87%,-8.74-48.96%,63.49-537.93%和 14.48-894.44%,提高幅度与生物质炭用量正相关。土壤CEC也随生物质炭用量的提高和施用年限的延长而增加。相应地,生物质炭的施用也提高了玉米的地上部生物量及其地上部单位面积氮磷钾的吸收量,且其增加幅度与生物质炭的用量显著正相关(P0.05)。
[Abstract]:The Hetao irrigation area is one of the main grain producing areas in China. The soil salinization is serious, which restricts the local agricultural production and even the social and economic development. The salt tolerant plant resources in the local area are very rich. It is obvious that the salt tolerant plant resources are developed and used to improve the salinized soil, and it is obviously of great importance to the theory and practice. The bed slow thermal cracking technique was used to carbonization of Chinese cabbage, switchgrass and oil sunflower straw at 300, 500 and 700 C. The composition and properties of bio oil, biogenic gas and biomass carbon were analyzed and its potential application value was evaluated. In the field experiment, the soil fertility of salinized soil with different biomass carbon (0,30,75 and 150t HA-1) was studied. The effects of maize growth and its mechanism were investigated and the main results were obtained as follows: (1) 26-48% biomass carbon, 26-33% bio oil and 26-47% biogas can be obtained from the thermal cracking of Chinese cabbage, switchgrass and oil sunflower straw. The characteristics of Biocharcoal are mainly affected by the pyrolysis temperature, and the raw materials are related to the raw materials. The carbon content of biomass carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, ash, CEC, aromaticity and basic functional group increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while the water soluble nutrient and the degree of fatty acid decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. The above indexes of biomass carbon were basically stable at 500 degrees C, but the pH, E of biomass charcoal of the biomass charcoal was pH, E C and ash were the highest, followed by biomass charcoal of oil sunflower straw, and biomass charcoal of switchgrass was the lowest. In addition, the CEC and iodine adsorption value of the biomass charcoal of Chinese cabbage were significantly higher than those of other raw materials at the same temperature; and the carbon content of switchgrass biomass carbon was the highest, the carbon of the oil sunflower straw was the lowest. (2) the salinization was the lowest. Compared with the control (no carbon application soil), the turnover period of SMBc was increased by 121.38-148.74% compared with the control (no carbon application soil), and the greater the increase in biomass carbon consumption, the turnover period of SMBN and SMBP in charcoal soil decreased by 9.16-31.17% and 5, respectively. .56-50.24%, and the greater the amount of biomass carbon, the smaller the decrease. The nitrogen supply of the control soil SMBN turnover was 40.08%, while the nitrogen supply of SMBN turnover in the charcoal soil decreased by 5.06-20.83%; the SMBP turnover of the control and low biomass carbon soil was higher than that of the maize, while the SMBP turnover of the high biomass carbon (30t HA-1) soil SMBP was only corn sucking. The use of different biomass carbon in 50.78-73.04%. (3) salinized soil significantly affected the gene abundance and community structure of denitrifying bacteria during the peak period of maize growth. High biomass carbon (30tha-1) increased the gene copy number of nirK, nirS and nosZ denitrifying bacteria in soil, and increased 57.47-69.07%, 114.11-137., respectively, compared with the control. 61% and 96.79-106.41%. salinized soil nirK, nirS and nosZ type denitrifying bacteria were the main gates of Proteobacteria (Proteus). The application of biomass carbon changed the composition and relative abundance of nirK, nirS and nosZ type denitrifying bacteria. However, the analysis of alpha diversity showed that the application of Biocharcoal only increased the community of the nirK type denitrifying bacteria. Diversity, but no significant influence on the diversity of other denitrifying bacteria community. Soil pH, EC and SOC are the key environmental factors affecting the nirK and nosZ denitrifying bacteria community. (4) the application of different biomass charcoal in salinized soil has a significant effect on the physical and chemical properties of soil, and also has a significant shadow on the growth of maize and the absorption of NPK. Noise: high biomass carbon significantly reduced soil bulk density, and decreased the ratio of 2.68-22.82% to photographic ratio, the decrease was proportional to the amount of biomass carbon, and was inversely proportional to the application years of biomass carbon; similarly, the application of biomass carbon also increased the amount of macropores in the soil and the content of large aggregates of water stability (250 mu m). The quality of carbon decreased the sodium saturation of the soil, which was reduced by 32.8247.48%, and the decrease was positively correlated with the amount of biomass carbon and the years of application. The application of biomass carbon increased the content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, and increased 112.34-856.92%, 9.09-197.87%, and -8.74, respectively. The increase of -48.96%, 63.49-537.93% and 14.48-894.44% was positively correlated with biomass carbon consumption. Soil CEC also increased with the increase of biomass carbon consumption and the prolongation of application years. Accordingly, the application of biomass carbon also increased the biomass of maize and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the upper part of the ground, and the increase of the biomass. The amount of biomass carbon was significantly positive correlation (P0.05).
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S156.4

【参考文献】