聚丙烯酰胺对盐渍化土壤节水保肥与作物增产效应研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 21:08

本文选题：聚丙烯酰胺 + 盐渍化土壤　；参考：《内蒙古农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来土壤盐渍化问题已经成为困扰干旱半干旱地区作物生长、增产增收及农业发展的重要瓶颈,由于盐渍化土壤本身的物理特性限制了农业生产向着经济发展的轨道运行,因此改善土壤盐渍化问题已经迫在眉睫,应该提上日程。而PAM是一种高分子材料,近年来在土壤改良、节水灌溉、水土保持等方面得到人们的信赖。PAM对非盐渍化土壤的物理特性、水力特性、节水保肥、作物增产等方面的作用效果显著,而针对盐渍化土壤的施用研究还是鲜见报道。本文通过室内模拟试验和田间试验相结合对PAM施用于盐渍化土壤的物理特性、土壤节水潜质、土壤保肥效果和产量评估等方面进行了基础研究,旨在探索PAM施用于盐渍化土壤的基本规律,为PAM在盐渍化土壤的应用开展提供一定的理论支撑。初步研究取得的成果如下：(1)PAM施用对盐渍化土壤物理特性的影响通过室内模拟实验,对不同施量的PAM应用于无盐土、轻度盐渍土、中度盐渍土和重度盐渍土物理特性的研究：随着PAM施用浓度的增加,4种土壤的团聚体含量增加的幅度均增高；施用PAM能够减小土壤容重,PAM掺量为1：10000时对容重的改变最大；施用PAM能够增加土壤的孔隙度,而对于PAM掺量为1：20000时达到最大；PAM施用可提高4种不同盐渍化土壤的饱和含水量,且随着PAM掺量的增多其土壤饱和含水量也逐渐提高的趋势；PAM施用可提高4种不同类型盐渍化土壤的田间持水量,且随着PAM掺量的增加其土壤田间持水量也逐渐提高的趋势。而对于以上物理特性而言,盐分的存在确实影响到了PAM在土壤上的吸附效果,适当的盐分能够促进PAM在土壤上的作用效果,若果盐分含量增加,效果减弱。(2)PAM施用对盐渍化土壤养分的影响通过分析PAM施用对氮素时空分布的研究可知,未施PAM处理的氮素均不同程度的下渗到土壤根系层以下,而施用PAM处理的氮素均能够保持在0-40cm的土层内,且PAM施用层0-20cm的氮素含量相对较多。对于肥料利用率而言,PAM施用于盐渍化土壤能够对氮、磷肥的利用率有所提高,随着PAM施量的增加,肥料利用率的数值相应提高,且PAM施量之间的差距对肥料利用率的影响效果显著。(3)PAM施用对盐渍化土壤盐分时空分布的影响通过分析PAM施用对土壤盐分时空分布的研究可知,土壤中盐分的移动性能较强,受灌溉水量及土壤蒸发状况影响明显，，未施PAM处理的盐分上下波动较大,尤其0-20cm上层的变化较为显著；而经PAM处理的盐分受灌溉水的影响较大,灌溉使得盐分向下层淋溶,当土壤含水量降低时,土壤表层的返盐程度并不是很高,可见施用PAM在一定程度上抑制盐分向上层的移动效果明显。(4)PAM施用对盐渍化土壤及植株生长的影响通过对田间试验的观测结果可知,PAM施用对葵花株高、茎粗及叶面积产生显著性增加的变化；施用PAM对于根系层0-40cm的土壤含水率均呈现增大的现象,但土层0-20cm的效果更加显著；PAM施用还能够达到提高地温、抑制土壤蒸发的效果,试验还可以发现,PAM及肥料共同作用对改善以上指标的效果更加显著。通过对正交试验的极差分析及正交多元回归分析可见：涉及的三因素对产量影响都产生了显著性的影响,且对产量的影响大小为肥量水量PAM掺量。由极差分析选择了三因素最优的试验组合为S2F2P4,可见PAM施用可节水10%,且保肥效果显著,能够达到试验任务的要求,以上为定性分析因素和水平的关系。最终由对试验结果通过多元回归分析定量的给出了关系式,并且对方程的显著性分析,得出回归方程有效。
[Abstract]:In recent years, soil salinization has become an important bottleneck to crop growth, increase production and increase crops and increase agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas. The physical characteristics of salinized soil itself limit the track operation of agricultural production to economic development. Therefore, it is imminent to improve soil salinization and should be put on the agenda, and PAM It is a kind of polymer material. In recent years, people's trust in soil improvement, water saving irrigation and soil and water conservation has been trusted by.PAM. The effects on the physical characteristics of non salinized soil, hydraulic characteristics, water saving and fertilizer application and crop yield increase are remarkable, but the application research for salinized soil is still rare. The basic research on the physical properties of PAM applied to salinized soil, the soil water saving potential, the soil conservation effect and the yield evaluation were studied by the combination of the experiment and field experiment. The basic rules of the application of PAM in the salinized soil were explored, and some theoretical support for the application of PAM in the salinized soil was provided. The following results were as follows: (1) the effects of PAM on the physical properties of salinized soil were studied by indoor simulation experiments. The application of different amounts of PAM to the physical properties of salt free soil, mild saline soil, moderate saline soil and severe saline soil: with the increase of PAM concentration, the increase of aggregate content increased in the 4 soils; PAM can reduce the bulk density of soil, and when the dosage of PAM is 1:10000, the bulk density is the largest, and the application of PAM can increase the porosity of the soil, but the maximum of the PAM content is 1:20000. The application of PAM can increase the saturated water content of 4 different salinized soils, and the saturated water content of the soil increases with the increase of the amount of PAM. Trend; PAM application can increase the field water holding capacity of 4 different types of salinized soil, and with the increase of PAM content, the soil field water holding capacity is also increasing gradually. For the above physical properties, the presence of salt does affect the adsorption effect of PAM on the soil, and the appropriate salinity can promote the PAM in the soil. Effect, the effect of salt content increased, the effect was weakened. (2) the effect of PAM application on soil nutrients in salinized soil was analyzed by the analysis of nitrogen and temporal distribution of PAM application, it was found that the nitrogen treated by untreated PAM were under the root layer of soil under different degrees, and the nitrogen applied by PAM treatment could be kept in the soil layer of 0-40cm, and PAM was applied. The nitrogen content of the layer 0-20cm is relatively high. For the fertilizer utilization ratio, the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer can be improved by the application of PAM to salinized soil. With the increase of PAM application, the value of fertilizer utilization ratio is increased correspondingly, and the effect of the gap between PAM application rates on the fertilizer utilization ratio is significant. (3) PAM application to salinized soil The effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of salt on the spatial and temporal distribution of soil salt shows that the mobility of salt in the soil is stronger, and the effect of the irrigation water and the soil evaporation is obvious. The salinity of the salt not treated by the PAM is larger and lower, especially in the upper layer of the 0-20cm, while the salt treated by the PAM is irrigated by the irrigation water. The effect of irrigation makes the salt leaching to the lower layer. When the soil water content is reduced, the degree of salt return in the soil surface is not very high. It can be seen that the application of PAM to some extent inhibits the movement of salt to the upper layer. (4) the effect of PAM Application on salinized soil and plant growth can be seen by the observation of field experiments, PAM The application of PAM has a significant increase in the height of sunflower plants, the stem diameter and the leaf area, and the soil water content of the root layer 0-40cm increases with the application of PAM, but the effect of the soil layer is more significant; the application of PAM can also improve the ground temperature and inhibit the effect of soil evaporation. The experiment can also find that PAM and fertilizer have a common effect on the soil layer. The effect of the above indicators is more significant. Through the extreme analysis and orthogonal multivariate regression analysis of the orthogonal test, it is found that the three factors involved have a significant effect on the effect of the yield, and the effect on the yield is the amount of PAM. The optimum combination of three factors is selected by the extreme difference analysis to be S2F2P4, and P is visible. The application of AM can save water by 10%, and the effect of fertilizer conservation is remarkable. It can meet the requirements of the test task. The above is the relationship between the qualitative analysis factors and the level. Finally, the relation formula is given by the multivariate regression analysis of the test results, and the significance of the equation is analyzed, and the regression equation is effective.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S156.41

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