基于GIS的不同尺度农机调度管理

发布时间：2018-06-06 19:01

本文选题：不同尺度 + 农机现状　；参考：《山东科技大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在我国第十三个五年规划中,农业部提出推动农机装备、服务组织和作业水平向数量、质量、效益并重转型升级的发展方向。近几年我国很多地区农机数量快速增长,导致的农机空驶现象频发,不仅浪费人力、时间,更增加了作业成本。虽然科学合理的跨区作业有利于提高农机利用率,然而现有的服务组织大部分还只是针对跨区机收来提供农机作业所需的基本信息,而且仅仅是对某地区大体收获时间和农机需求信息的汇总,并没有详尽实用的调配方案。因此,用好存量,调整结构,提高农机使用效率和效益是目前农机发展的重点。传统的农业调度管理不论在农机统计、空间布局方法,还是时空调度方案的制定,以及调度指挥的通讯手段等方面,都不能满足复杂的农机监控、管理和调度的需求。本文采用GIS方法和技术平台,从区域和田块两个尺度上深入研究农机调度管理的科学问题和关键技术,以期在该方向上有所进展,为农机调度管理的信息化和现代化提供方法和技术案例。首先,在区域大尺度上,本文以GIS为基础平台,采用多种数理统计模型,根据历年的农机拥有量、跨区作业面积等统计资料,对区域的农机数量进行了预测分析,总结了各地区农机数量的发展趋势,找出了各地区农机种类和数量空间分布差异格局,发现了个别地区的农机拥有量饱和现象,从而显现了通过跨区作业来弥补各地区农机的富余与短缺的实际需求。接着,对我国大尺度农机跨区调度作业的分类、组织模式和作业面积进行了归纳、总结,制定了我国小麦、水稻和玉米的跨区机收“路线图”,为下一步研究全国跨区作业从跨区机收到跨区机耕、机播作业,从个体化、零散化走向规模化、专业化和产业化打下基础。其次,在田块尺度上,论文应用GIS的空间调度模型方法,选取黑龙江双山农场作为试验区,深入研究了在一个农场不同田块之间的农机调度关键技术。第一步,比较和筛选了农机内部不同管理单元(机务队)和田块尺度上农机调度的各种模型和算法,以发挥农机的最大使用效率;第二步,基于双山农场的农田数据库、农机和农资数据库、全年农事活动时间表,提出先分组后定路线的两阶段方案,设计并研发了农机调度的最优路径规划模型和算法,并依据上述算法做出具体的“农机调度路线图”不同方案,供农场管理人员选择。最后,作为田块尺度的农机调度管理技术实现的进一步深化,本文完成了农机实时监控系统的各项功能。根据系统需求信息,结合本文制定的调度方案,设计了监控系统的整体框架和数据库,并利用卫星定位和web开发技术完成了基本信息管理、实时监控和轨迹回放等功能。为进一步提升农机调度管理的信息化水平和作业效率打下了技术基础。
[Abstract]:In the 13th five-year plan of our country, the Ministry of Agriculture put forward the development direction of promoting the transformation and upgrading of agricultural machinery equipment, service organization and operation level to quantity, quality and benefit. In recent years, the number of agricultural machinery has increased rapidly in many areas of our country, which leads to frequent empty driving phenomenon of agricultural machinery, which not only wastes manpower and time, but also increases the cost of operation. Although scientific and rational inter-district operations are conducive to improving the utilization rate of agricultural machinery, most of the existing service organizations are only aimed at providing the basic information needed for agricultural machinery operations. Moreover, there is no detailed and practical plan to sum up the general harvest time and agricultural machinery demand information in a certain area. Therefore, it is the focus of agricultural machinery development to make good use of the stock, adjust the structure and improve the efficiency and benefit of agricultural machinery. The traditional agricultural scheduling management can not meet the needs of complex agricultural machinery monitoring, management and scheduling in the aspects of agricultural machinery statistics, spatial layout methods, the formulation of space-time scheduling schemes, and the communication means of scheduling and command. In this paper, using GIS method and technology platform, the scientific problems and key technologies of agricultural machinery scheduling and management are studied from regional and field scale, with a view to making some progress in this direction. It provides methods and technical cases for the informatization and modernization of agricultural machinery dispatching management. First of all, on the regional scale, based on GIS, this paper uses a variety of mathematical statistical models to predict and analyze the number of agricultural machinery in the region according to the statistical data of agricultural machinery ownership and cross-area operation area over the years. This paper summarizes the development trend of agricultural machinery quantity in various regions, finds out the spatial distribution pattern of agricultural machinery types and quantities in different regions, and finds out the saturation phenomenon of agricultural machinery ownership in individual regions. Therefore, the actual demand of surplus and shortage of agricultural machinery in each region is made up by cross-district operation. Then, the classification, organization pattern and area of large-scale agricultural machinery scheduling in China are summarized, and the road map of cross-region machine harvesting of wheat, rice and corn in China is drawn up. It will lay a foundation for the next step in the study of national cross-area operation from inter-area machine to cross-area machine tillage, machine seeding, from individualization, fragmentation to scale, specialization and industrialization. Secondly, in the field scale, the paper uses the spatial scheduling model method of GIS, selects the Heilongjiang Shuangshan Farm as the experimental area, and deeply studies the key technology of agricultural machinery scheduling between different fields of a farm. In the first step, various models and algorithms for agricultural machinery scheduling at the field scale and different management units within agricultural machinery are compared and screened, in order to maximize the efficiency of agricultural machinery; the second step is based on the farmland database of Shuangshan Farm. The database of agricultural machinery and agricultural materials, the schedule of agricultural activities throughout the year, the two-stage scheme of grouping and then routing, the design and development of optimal path planning model and algorithm for agricultural machinery scheduling, According to the above algorithm, different schemes of Agricultural Machinery scheduling Roadmap are made for farm managers to choose. Finally, as a further deepening of agricultural machinery dispatching and management technology, this paper completes the functions of the real-time monitoring system of agricultural machinery. According to the requirement information of the system and the scheduling scheme developed in this paper, the whole framework and database of the monitoring system are designed, and the functions of basic information management, real-time monitoring and track playback are accomplished by using satellite positioning and web development technology. It lays a technical foundation for further improving the information level and operation efficiency of agricultural machinery dispatching management.
【学位授予单位】：山东科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S127;S232.4

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