坡地打结垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿的系统效率、泥沙控制及增产效益

发布时间：2018-06-13 14:39

本文选题：坡地 + 打结垄沟集雨种植　；参考：《甘肃农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：干旱和水土流失是制约半干旱黄土高原丘陵区粮食安全生产和经济发展的主要因素,坡耕地是该区域径流和泥沙流失产生的主要策源地。为寻求半干旱区控制水土流失和提高降水资源利用率的最佳坡地垄沟集雨种植方式,在定西市安家沟流域基地布置(1)标准集雨垄的径流试验和(2)打结垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿大田试验。试验(1)采用完全随机设计,以平地(坡度0°)集雨垄作为对照,研究不同坡度(0°、5°和10°)标准集雨垄的径流效率和临界产流降雨量;试验(2)采用完全随机区组设计,以传统耕作为对照,在坡度5°和10°研究打结方式(无打结垄和打结垄)对径流贮存效率、系统效率、小区径流效率、泥沙流失、土壤养分流失、土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和营养品质的影响。主要结果如下:通过平均径流法(同期径流量与降水量的比值),坡度0°、5°和10°标准集雨垄的年平均径流效率分别为70.6%、78.5%和88.4%;通过回归分析法,坡度0°、5°和10°标准集雨垄的临界产流降雨量分别为0.46、0.71和0.22 mm,径流效率分别为83.5%、97.6%和96.4%。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,坡度5°时,平作、无打结垄和打结垄的平均径流贮存效率分别为87%、92%和94%,系统效率分别为0%、78%和80%;坡度10°时,平作、无打结垄和打结垄的平均径流贮存效率分别为86%、91%和93%,系统效率分别为0%、83%和85%。坡度5°的平均径流贮存效率(91%)与坡度10°(90%)相当,坡度5°的平均系统效率(53%)略小于坡度10°(56%)。通过平均径流法,坡度5°时,平作、无打结垄和打结垄的小区径流效率分别为11.6%、9.2%和6.7%;坡度10°时,平作、无打结垄和打结垄的小区径流效率分别为14.1%、10.0%和7.8%。坡度10°的小区径流效率是坡度5°的1.2倍。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,坡度5°时,无打结垄和打结垄的泥沙流失量较平作分别降低80.8%和83.3%;坡度10°时,无打结垄和打结垄的泥沙流失量较平作分别降低74.5%和82.0%。坡度10°的泥沙流失量是坡度5°的1.2倍。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,与平作相比,坡度5°时,无打结垄的氮、磷、钾和有机质流失量分别降低81.0%、80.9%、80.9%和78.2%,打结垄的氮、磷、钾和有机质流失量分别降低83.4%、83.3%、83.4%和81.1%;坡度10°时,无打结垄的氮、磷、钾和有机质流失量分别降低81.5%、74.8%、73.6%和61.5%,打结垄的氮、磷、钾和有机质流失量分别降低87.1%、82.0%、81.6%和72.4%。坡度10°的磷、钾和有机质流失量均是坡度5°的1.2倍,氮流失量是坡度5°的1.5倍。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,与平作相比,坡度5°时,无打结垄和打结垄的土壤贮水量分别增加9.3和15.0 mm;坡度10°时,无打结垄和打结垄的土壤贮水量分别增加11.2和16.2 mm。坡度5°的平均土壤贮水量比坡度10°增加4.3 mm。与坡度10°相比,坡度5°上坡、中坡和下坡的土壤贮水量分别增加21.0、16.7和11.5 mm。土壤贮水量排列次序为上坡中坡下坡,上沟边沟中下沟边,降雨后,尤其大暴雨后。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,与平作相比,坡度5°时,无打结垄和打结垄的紫花苜蓿实际干草产量分别提高20.4%和8.9%,WUE分别提高4.78和4.58 kg hm~(~(-2)) mm~(~(-1)),经济效益分别降低12.5%和46.1%;坡度10°时,无打结垄和打结垄的紫花苜蓿实际干草产量分别提高22.4%和9.0%,WUE分别提高4.89和4.06 kg hm~(-2) mm~(-1),经济效益分别降低9.9%和51.6%。与坡度10°相比,坡度5°的紫花苜蓿干草产量和WUE增加不明显。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,与平作相比,坡度5°时,无打结垄的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量分别提高23.0%、28.8%、33.4%、20.3%、11.0%和55.4%;打结垄的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量分别提高15.2%、19.9%、28.4%、21.9%、5.5%和43.7%。坡度10°时,无打结垄的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量分别提高30.6%、34.6%、36.6%、19.3%、12.9%和37.2%;打结垄的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量分别提高23.0%、17.6%、24.2%、30.0%、10.2%和23.2%。与坡度10°相比,坡度5°的紫花苜蓿营养价值增加不明显。在我国半干旱黄土高原丘陵区垄沟集雨种植系统中,无打结垄和打结垄集雨种植具有较好水土保持和增产效果,其中无打结垄增产效果最为明显,打结垄水土保持效果最为明显。
[Abstract]:Drought and soil erosion are the main factors restricting the production and economic development of grain in the hilly region of the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Sloping arable land is the main source of runoff and sediment loss in this region. In order to find the best way to control soil erosion and improve the utilization rate of precipitation resources in semi arid areas, the way of planting rain collecting in the Dingxi city is in the city. The base layout of the An Jia Gou watershed (1) the runoff test of the standard rainwater ridge and (2) the field test of the alfalfa with raining planting in the ridge and furrow. The experiment (1) adopted the complete random design, using the raining ridge as the contrast to study the runoff efficiency and the critical flow rate of the ridges with different slopes (0 degrees, 5 degrees and 10 degrees), and the experiment (2) was finished. The total random area group design, taking traditional tillage as a contrast, studied the effects of knot mode (no ridge ridge and knot ridge) on runoff storage efficiency, system efficiency, runoff efficiency, sediment loss, soil nutrient loss, soil water storage, alfalfa yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutritional quality in 5 and 10 degrees. The average annual runoff efficiency of the standard rainfall ridges at 0, 5 and 10 degrees is 70.6%, 78.5% and 88.4%, respectively, through the average runoff method (the ratio of the runoff and precipitation), and the critical runoff rainfall of the standard rainfall ridges of 0, 5 and 10 degrees is 0.46,0.71 and 0.22 mm respectively by the regression analysis. The runoff efficiency is 83.5%, 97.6%, respectively, 97.6%, respectively. In terms of the average full growth period of alfalfa and 96.4%., the average runoff storage efficiency was 87%, 92% and 94%, and the system efficiency was 0%, 78% and 80%, respectively, when the slope was 5 degrees, and the system efficiency was 0%, 78% and 80% respectively. The average runoff storage efficiency was 86%, 91% and 93% respectively, and the efficiency of the system was 0%, respectively, when the slope was 10 degrees. The average runoff storage efficiency (91%) for 83% and 5 degrees (91%) was equal to 10 (90%), and the average system efficiency (53%) of the slope 5 degrees was slightly smaller than the gradient of 10 (56%). Through average runoff method, the runoff efficiency was 11.6%, 9.2% and 6.7%, when the slope was 5 degrees, and the runoff efficiency was 11.6%, 9.2% and 6.7%. The runoff efficiency of the plot was 14.1%, 10% and 10 degrees on the 7.8%. slope were 1.2 times of the slope 5, respectively. As for the average full growth period of alfalfa, the sediment loss of no ridging ridge and knot ridge was 80.8% and 83.3% respectively when the slope was 5 degrees, and the sediment loss of no knot ridge and knot ridge was more flat when the slope was 10 degrees. The amount of sediment loss of 74.5% and 82.0%. 10 degrees was 1.2 times of the slope 5, respectively. Compared with the average growth period of alfalfa, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter loss of no ridges were 81%, 80.9%, 80.9% and 78.2% respectively, and the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter decreased by 83.4%, 83.3, respectively, when the slope was 5 degrees, compared with the average growth period of alfalfa. %, 83.4% and 81.1%, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter in no ridges at 10 degrees decreased by 81.5%, 74.8%, 73.6% and 61.5% respectively. The loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter in the ridges were reduced by 87.1%, 82%, 81.6% and 72.4%. gradient 10, respectively, and the loss of potassium and organic matter were all 1.2 times the gradient 5 degrees, and the loss of nitrogen was twice as much as the gradient of gradient. As far as the average growth period of alfalfa was concerned, the soil water storage of no knot ridge and knot ridge was increased by 9.3 and 15 mm, compared with flat soil, and the soil water storage capacity of no knot ridge and knot ridge was increased by 11.2 and 16.2 mm. slope 5 degrees, respectively, when the slope was 5 degrees, and the average soil water storage capacity of 11.2 and 16.2 mm. slope 5 degrees increased by 4.3 mm. and 10 degrees with slope degree. The soil water storage capacity of 5 degree slope, middle slope and downslope was increased by 21.0,16.7 and 11.5 mm., respectively. The order of the soil water storage capacity in the middle slope and the lower slope was the lower slope in the upper slope, the middle and lower furrows in the upper furrow gully, and after the rainfall, especially after the heavy rain. As for the average value of the whole growth period of alfalfa, there was no ridging and ridging of Alfalfa with Ping Zuoxiang, when the slope was 5 degrees. The actual hay yield increased by 20.4% and 8.9% respectively, and WUE increased by 4.78 and 4.58 kg hm~ (~ (-2)) mm~ (~ (-1)), and the economic benefits were reduced by 12.5% and 46.1%, respectively. The yield of alfalfa was increased by 22.4% and 9%, and WUE increased by 4.89 and 4.06 kg hm~ (-2) mm~ (-1) respectively when the slope was 10 degrees. The economic benefits were reduced respectively. 9.9% and 51.6%. compared with the slope of 10 degrees, the hay yield and WUE increase of Alfalfa with slope 5 degrees was not obvious. Compared with the average growth period of alfalfa, the crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, calcium and phosphorus content were increased by 23%, 28.8%, 33.4%, 20.3%, 11% and 55.4, compared with the average slope of alfalfa. %; coarse protein, fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, calcium and phosphorus content increased by 15.2%, 19.9%, 28.4%, 21.9%, 5.5% and 43.7%., respectively, when the rough protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium and phosphorus content increased 30.6%, 34.6%, 36.6%, 19.3%, 12.9% and 37.2%, and knot ridges. The content of crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, calcium and phosphorus increased by 23%, 17.6%, 24.2%, 30%, 10.2% and 23.2%., compared with the slope 10 degrees. The increase of Alfalfa nutrition value of the slope 5 degrees was not obvious. In the hilly area of the Hilly Loess Plateau of China, there was no ridge ridge and knot ridge rain species. Planting has better soil and water conservation and yield increasing effect, and the effect of no knot ridge increasing is the most obvious.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S157.433

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