水、肥调控下的早稻小满寒和晚稻寒露风低温气象灾害防御技术与机理

发布时间：2018-06-16 23:12

本文选题：灌水 + 叶面磷钾肥　；参考：《江西农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：早稻小满寒与晚稻寒露风是我国华南及长江中下游地区常发性的农业气象灾害,本研究的目的是探明早稻小满寒与晚稻寒露风条件下不同水、肥调控措施对双季稻产量形成及其生理特性的影响,摸索出能应用于生产的实用技术途径,探讨不同品种晚稻寒露风条件下不同施氮处理产量形成的差异及其生理生态机理。研究选用双季超级杂交早稻品种淦鑫203和晚稻五丰优T025为材料,2014-2016连续三年在江西省灌溉试验中心站进行了水、肥调控抗寒的田间试验研究,采用大田进行试验,分期播种,选择自然条件下早稻小满寒与晚稻寒露风发生的播期,分别设置不同的灌溉方式和叶面肥处理;选择不同水稻品种,采用桶栽方式,并设置不同氮肥处理,考查产量、温度、光合、渗透调节物质、保护酶系统等生理生态指标,主要研究结果如下:早稻小满寒与晚稻寒露风均造成双季稻产量不同程度的下降,通过水、肥调控措施可减缓产量降低。与对照组(处理CK)相比:2014年喷施0.1%、0.3%、0.5%的KH_2PO_4叶面肥及撒草木灰可分别提高早稻产量7.29%、8.94%、6.70%、8.38%,提升晚稻产量7.55%、10.98%、6.38%、0.16%;日排夜灌深水灌溉4~5cm、8~10cm、深水灌溉8~10cm可分别提高早稻产量3.77%、5.66%、1.05%,提高晚稻产量6.28%、12.30%、9.39%;2015年喷施0.1%、0.3%、0.5%的KH_2PO_4叶面肥及撒草木灰可分别提高早稻产量0.87%、4.68%、3.14%、3.03%,提升晚稻产量10.80%、14.04%、10.68%、10.06%;日排夜灌灌溉4~5cm、8~10cm、深水灌溉8~10cm可分别提高早稻产量1.40%、4.80%、2.02%,提高晚稻产量4.96%、13.51%、10.64%。总体上看不同水肥调控措施均可有效提高低温影响下早晚稻的产量,其中以日排夜灌8~10cm和喷施0.3%的叶面肥处理的效果最好。低温条件下过量施氮会造成产量和结实率降低,2015年高氮处理和超高氮处理较正常氮处理分别会降低晚稻产量1.20%、7.54%,降低结实率8.59%、15.86%,产量表现为正常氮处理N2(对照)高氮处理N3超高氮处理N4低氮处理N1,结实率表现为低氮处理N1正常氮处理N2(对照)高氮处理N3超高氮处理N4;2016年过量施氮的产量和结实率也低于正常施氮处理,低温条件下,各品种高氮、超高氮、正常氮产量下降幅度表现为:超高氮高氮正常氮,不同品种的正常施氮水平下的产量表现为五丰优T025H优518荣优225黄华占,结实率表现为H优518五丰优T025荣优225黄华占。水肥调控防御技术减缓产量下降的主要是通过提高结实率。总体上看,一定的灌水方式和深度及一定量的肥料处理有利于水稻抵抗低温,而过量施肥或灌水处理则不利于水稻抵抗低温,不同品种对低温响应存在差异。生理指标上,灌水保温和喷施叶面肥调控总体有利于早、晚稻叶温和土温的提升,有利于减缓水稻叶片SPAD值、净光合作用、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度的下降;低温来临后游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、MDA含量以及POD、SOD等酶活性均上升,CAT活性下降;不同氮肥处理下晚稻叶片表现为叶片SPAD值、净光合作用、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度的下降,低温来临后游离脯氨酸、MDA含量以及POD酶活性均上升,可溶性蛋白含量、SOD及CAT酶活性下降。
[Abstract]:The early rice small cold and late rice cold dew wind are the frequent agro meteorological disasters in the middle and lower reaches of Southern China and the Yangtze River. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of different water on early rice full cold and cold dew in late rice, the effect of fertilizer control measures on the yield formation and physiological characteristics of double cropping rice, and to find out the practical technical ways to apply to the production. The difference of yield formation and physiological and ecological mechanism of different nitrogen treatment in different varieties of late rice under cold dew condition were studied. The study selected the double season Super Hybrid Early Rice Variety Gan Xin 203 and late rice five feng you T025 as material, 2014-2016 for three years in the irrigation experiment center station of Jiangxi Province, the field experiment on the control of cold resistance by fertilizer was carried out. Field experiment, sowing in stages, selecting the sowing period of early rice and late rice cold dew under natural conditions, setting up different irrigation methods and foliar fertilizer treatment, selecting different rice varieties, using bucket planting method and setting different nitrogen fertilizer treatment, and examining the physiology of yield, temperature, photosynthesis, osmotic regulation material and enzyme protection system. The main results are as follows: the early rice small cold and late rice cold dew all cause the decrease of the yield of double cropping rice, and the control measures can slow down the yield. Compared with the control group (treatment CK), the yield of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% of KH_2PO_4 leaf fertilizer and grass ash in 2014 can increase the yield of early rice by 7.29%, 8.94%, 6.70%, 8., respectively. 38%, the increase of late rice yield 7.55%, 10.98%, 6.38%, 0.16%; daily row night irrigation 4~5cm, 8~10cm, deep water irrigation 8~10cm can increase the yield of early rice 3.77%, 5.66%, 1.05%, increase the output of late rice 6.28%, 12.30%, 9.39%, 0.3%, 0.3%, 0.5%, KH_2PO_4 leaf fertilizer and grass ash can improve the yield of early rice respectively in 2015. The yield of late rice was increased by 10.80%, 14.04%, 10.68%, 10.06%. 4~5cm, 8~10cm, and deep water irrigation 8~10cm could increase the yield of early rice by 1.40%, 4.80%, 2.02%, and 4.96%, 13.51% in the early rice yield, which could effectively improve the yield of early and late rice under the influence of low temperature, including 8~10cm and spray of 8~10cm and spray in daily row night. The effect of 0.3% foliar fertilizer treatment was the best. Excessive nitrogen application at low temperature could reduce the yield and seed setting rate. In 2015, high nitrogen treatment and ultra-high nitrogen treatment decreased the yield of late rice by 1.20%, 7.54%, and 8.59%, 15.86%, respectively. The yield of high nitrogen treatment was N2 (control) high nitrogen treatment N3 ultra high nitrogen treatment N4 low. Nitrogen treatment N1, the seed setting rate is low nitrogen treatment N1 normal nitrogen treatment N2 (control) high nitrogen treatment N3 ultra high nitrogen treatment N4; in 2016, the yield and seed setting rate of excessive nitrogen application is also lower than normal nitrogen treatment. Under low temperature conditions, the yield of high nitrogen, high nitrogen and normal nitrogen yield of various varieties is: super high nitrogen and high nitrogen normal nitrogen, the normal application of different varieties The yield of nitrogen level was five good T025H you 518 Rong you 225 Huang Huazhan, and the seed setting rate was H excellent 518 five feng you T025 Rong you 225 Huang Hua. The water and fertilizer control defense technology slowed down the yield mainly by raising the seed setting rate. In general, the certain irrigation mode and depth and a quantitative fertilizer treatment were beneficial to rice resistance to low temperature. Excessive fertilization or irrigation was not beneficial to rice resistance to low temperature, and the response of different varieties to low temperature was different. On physiological indexes, irrigation and heat preservation and application of foliar fertilizer control were beneficial to early, leaf temperature and soil temperature in late rice. It was beneficial to slow down SPAD value, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO_2 concentration in rice leaves After the onset of low temperature, free proline, soluble protein, MDA content, POD, SOD and other enzyme activities were increased, and CAT activity decreased. The leaves of late rice under different nitrogen treatments showed SPAD value, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, the decrease of stomatal conductance and CO_2 concentration, free proline, MDA content and POD enzyme activity after the low temperature. The total soluble protein content, SOD and CAT activity decreased.
【学位授予单位】：江西农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511;S42

【参考文献】