河北省夏玉米主产区高产田限制因素及土壤肥力特征分析

发布时间：2018-06-21 15:39

本文选题：夏玉米 + 高产田　；参考：《河北农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着人口数量的增长,粮食安全问题日趋严峻,在耕地数量有限的前提下,如何提高粮食单产是我们研究的主要问题,玉米是我国粮食的重要作物,潜在的玉米产量和实际产量的差距,有助于进一步提高农户的产量。玉米有3/5的养分都从土壤获得,高产田与低产田在土壤性状方面存在着一些差异。试验以河北省太行山山麓平原、低平原农区现有玉米高产田和对照田为研究对象,通过实地调查和采样测定相结合的方法,分析影响玉米高产的主要因素,对比高产田和对照田土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质,揭示高产田土壤肥力特征,为培育高产玉米粮田提供理论依据。本论文的主要结论如下:(1)太行山山麓平原的光温生产潜力是12764.65kg/hm~2,与大田农户的平均产量的差值为4916.25 kg/hm~2,高产田与大田农户平均值的差值为2224.80 kg/hm~2。低平原农区的光温生产潜力为12667.75 kg/hm~2,与农户平均产量的差值为5217.42 kg/hm~2,高产田与农户的差值为1639.34 kg/hm~2,说明两个区都有很大的增产潜力。(2)农户使用的品种杂多,且混乱,农户使用的品种不同,产量没有差异性。肥料施用量大,氮肥的平均施用量为245.60 kg/hm~2,磷肥的平均施用量115.47 kg/hm~2,钾肥的平均施用量为93.12 kg/hm~2。养分比例为1:0.47:0.39,而玉米施肥的最适合的养分比例为1:0.33:0.41。农户的施肥比例不符合玉米需求。肥料的偏生产力为16.80kg/kg,虽然肥料的施用不合理,养分利用率低,但品种和施肥量并不是造成产量差异的主要原因。播期和播种密度不同时产量有显著性差异。在6月13日-16日播种的农户平均产量最高为为9735.5kg/hm~2,分别比6月9日-12日和6月17-19日高11.84%和6.45%。利用Boundary line边界产量方法得出土壤肥力因子对产量有一定的贡献率,其中土壤容重、土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳和土壤蔗糖酶对产量的影响率分别为4%、12%、16%、8%、10%和12%。(3)太行山山麓平原农区与低平原农区的土壤肥力特性为:物理性质表现为高产田的土壤容重要显著小于对照田,太行山山麓平原农区0-30cm土层对照田比高产田土壤容重高2.42%;土壤孔隙度高产田比对照田显著高2.45%。田间持水量高产田要比对照田高2.06%,但是差异不显著。低平原农区0-30cm土层中对照田要比高产田的土壤容重显著高4.07%;土壤总孔隙度高产田比对照田高显著3.92%;田间持水量高产田要比对照田高2.51%,但差异不显著。两大区的粉粘比都是高产田大于对照田。总体来说高产田的土质较为疏松多孔。化学性质表现为高产田的土质较为松散,土壤偏碱性,大部分指标的含量随土壤深度的增加而逐渐减少,土壤全氮、有机质、速效钾、速效磷等表现为高产田大于对照田。但是高产田与对照田的差异性不显著,在0-30cm土层中全氮和有机质是太行山山麓平原高产田和对照田分别比低平原农区高15.73%、9.52%和20.77%和33.51%。速效磷和速效钾是低平原农区高产田和对照田分别比太行山山麓平原高43.33%、58.57%和23.16%和5.34%。土壤的生物学性质表现为,土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶的含量均表现在高产田的含量要大于对照田,但是差异不显著。脲酶的含量高产田和对照田有差异。在0-30cm层高产田的脲酶含量要普遍小于对照田的脲酶含量。土壤微生物氮和碳高产田和对照田有显著差异,高产田的土壤微生物氮、碳的含量要大于对照田的含量,且随土层深度的增加,含量在逐渐降低。
[Abstract]:With the increase of population, the problem of grain security is becoming more and more serious. On the premise of the limited number of cultivated land, how to improve the grain yield is the main problem we study. Corn is an important crop of grain in China. The gap between potential corn yield and actual output helps to improve the output of farmers. The nutrients of 3/5 are all from the corn. There are some differences in soil properties of soil, high yield field and low yield field. The main factors that affect high yield of maize are analyzed by the method of field investigation and sampling and measurement in the plain of Taihang Mountain Piedmont and low plain area of Hebei province. The main factors affecting the high yield of maize are analyzed, and the high yield fields and the control are compared. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the field soil reveal the characteristics of soil fertility in high yield fields and provide theoretical basis for the cultivation of high yield corn grain fields. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) the potential of light temperature production in the Taihang Mountain piedmont plain is 12764.65kg/hm~2, and the difference between the flat average yield of the farmers in the field is 4916.25 kg/hm~2, and the high yield field and the field farmer are in high yield. The difference of the average value of the average value is 2224.80 kg/hm~2. in the low plain agricultural region, the light and temperature production potential is 12667.75 kg/hm~2, the difference between the average output of the farmers and the farmers is 5217.42 kg/hm~2, the difference between the high yield field and the farmers is 1639.34 kg/hm~2, indicating that the two regions have great potential for increasing production. (2) the variety of the farmers used is mixed and confused, and the varieties used by the farmers do not. There is no difference in yield. The fertilizer application amount is large, the average application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 245.60 kg/hm~2, the average application amount of phosphate fertilizer is 115.47 kg/hm~2, the average application amount of potassium fertilizer is 93.12 kg/hm~2. nutrient ratio 1:0.47:0.39, and the proportion of the most suitable nutrient for maize fertilization is 1:0.33:0.41. farmers, and the fertilizer proportion is not in conformity with the corn demand. The partial productivity of the material was 16.80kg/kg. Although the application of fertilizer was unreasonable and the utilization rate of nutrient was low, the main reason for the yield difference was not the variety and the amount of fertilizer. The average yield of the sowing date and the sowing density in the June 13th -16 day was 9735.5kg/hm~2, respectively, compared with the June 9th and 6 of the June 9th. The 17-19 day high 11.84% and 6.45%. use the Boundary line boundary yield method to conclude that soil fertility factors have a certain contribution to yield. The effects of soil bulk weight, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, microbial biomass carbon and soil invertase on yield are 4%, 12%, 16%, 8%, 10% and 12%. (3) in the Taihang Mountain piedmont plain and low area. The soil fertility characteristic of the plain farming area is that the soil capacity of the high yield field is significantly less than that of the control field. The 0-30cm soil layer in the Taihang Mountain piedmont plain is higher than the high yield field soil bulk density, and the soil porosity high yield field is higher than the control field by 2.45%., and the field water holding capacity is higher than the control field, but the difference is 2.06% higher than that of the control field, but the difference is different, but the difference is higher than the control field. The control field in the 0-30cm soil layer in the low level agricultural area was significantly higher than the soil bulk density in the high yield field, and the soil total porosity and high yield field was 3.92% higher than the control field, and the field water holding capacity was 2.51% higher than the control field, but the difference was not significant. The high yield field in the two major areas was higher than the control field. In general, the soil quality of the high yield field. The chemical properties show that the soil of high yield field is looser and the soil is alkaline, and the content of most indexes gradually decreases with the increase of soil depth. The soil total nitrogen, organic matter, available potassium and available phosphorus are higher than the control field. But the difference of high yield fields with the control field is not significant, in the 0-30cm soil layer. The total nitrogen and organic matter are 15.73% high, 9.52% and 20.77% and 20.77% and 33.51%. of high yield and 20.77% and 20.77% and 20.77% and 9.52% in the low plain, respectively, and 43.33%, 58.57% and 23.16% and 5.34%., respectively. The content of the enzyme and phosphatase in the high yield field is higher than that in the control field, but the difference is not significant. The urease content is different from the control field. The urease content in the high yield field of the 0-30cm layer is generally smaller than the urease content in the control field. The soil microbial nitrogen and the carbon high yield field and the control field are significantly different, and the high yield fields are in high yield. The content of soil microbial nitrogen and carbon is higher than that of control field, and the content decreases with the increase of soil depth.
【学位授予单位】：河北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S158.2

【引证文献】