陕西日光温室系统养分平衡与土壤养分累积状况研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 19:21

本文选题：日光温室 + 施肥状况　；参考：《西北农林科技大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：日光温室具有建设成本低、保温性能好等优点,,有效解决了我国北方冬季蔬菜供应问题,成为一些地区农业产业结构调整的主要产业之一。但随着日光温室的快速发展,盲目施肥特别是过量施肥问题突出,由此带来一系列土壤和环境问题,严重制约日光温室的可持续发展。诸多学者围绕日光温室养分管理进行了研究,但已有的关于温室土壤养分累积的研究多采用“空间代时间的”方法,难以准确说明随栽培年限的增加土壤养分累积特性的动态变化;关于陕西日光温室养分平衡及累积的研究,多集中在关中地区,对陕北地区研究较少;另外,从系统的角度对日光温室对养分流动途径及特征的研究也少见报道。因此,本研究以陕西不同区域日光温室为研究对象,研究了不同地区日光温室养分平衡、土壤养分累积状况及温室养分流动特性,得到的主要结论包括:⑴连续两年在陕西省杨凌、安塞和靖边3个区、县调查日光温室栽培系统施肥状况,并测定温室土壤养分,结果表明:1)陕西日光温室养分投入量因地区而异,年平均氮(N)磷(P2O5)钾(K2O)养分总投入量分别为1933.3、1587.2和1799.2kg/hm2,投入的养分以化肥为主;作物携出量仅占养分投入量的22%、7%和36%,造成土壤中养分大量盈余;2)研究区域日光温室土壤有机质及全氮含量整体处于中低水平;0-2 m土壤剖面累积的硝态氮有60%以上分布在60cm以下土层,说明硝态氮淋溶问题值得关注;3)土壤速效磷、钾多处在高及较高水平,说明过量施用磷钾问题突出;与X土及黄绵土相比,风沙土养分含量相对较低。(2)连续5年对杨凌示范区设施栽培基地10余个新建日光温室施肥状况和土壤样品分析,结果表明:随温室种植年限的增加,土壤养分含量逐年增加,其中以耕层土壤的增幅最为明显,土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷、钾年均增加量分别为3.5、0.2 g/kg和24.8、39.2、53.3mg/kg;各养分含量的增加趋势为,为前2年增速较快,之后减缓;土壤有机质种植第3年后达适宜水平,速效磷、钾分别在种植第3年和第2年后达高水平;0-2 m土层硝态氮累积量也随栽培年限增加而增加,其中有近2/3硝态氮累积在60cm以下土层,说明硝态氮淋溶作用突出;随种植年限的增加,耕层土壤pH有所降低,而土壤电导率显著增加;连续种植5年期间温室氮、磷及钾年均盈余量高达1396、1516和1271 kg/hm2;养分盈余量与土壤养分含量间呈显著相关性,可见当地日光温室过量施肥问题突出,减量施肥潜力大。(3)将陕西杨凌蔬菜栽培基地的40个相对集中日光温室作为整体研究对象,利用物质流分析中“输入=输出+贮存”的物质守恒原理,对研究周期(1年)内日光温室氮磷循环及平衡特征进行分析,结果表明:1)日光温室系统氮、磷素输入量为1637.5和668.3 kg/hm2,输出量分别为830.8和103.4 kg/hm2。果实收获是氮输出的主要途径,占氮输出总量的38.5%,其次为淋溶。植株残体是磷输出的主要途径,占磷输出总量的56.2%。2)日光温室系统氮、磷平衡均处于盈余状态,土壤氮、磷养分利用率仅分别为29.5%和14.4%,污染排放率却高达61.5%和62.6%。3)日光温室系统损失态氮磷养分负荷分别高达1317.8 kg/hm2和629.6 kg/hm2,使得温室种植区域成为高污染潜势地区。所以,在日光温室生产中,应适当降低氮、磷肥料施用,加强对收获后植株残体的循环再利用,从而提高肥料利用率和系统内养分循环率,减少农业面源污染对环境的危害。
[Abstract]:The solar greenhouse has the advantages of low construction cost and good thermal insulation performance. It has effectively solved the problem of the winter vegetable supply in the north of China. It has become one of the main industries in the adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure in some areas. But with the rapid development of the solar greenhouse, the problem of blind fertilization, especially the excessive fertilizer application, brings a series of soil and environmental questions. Many scholars have studied the nutrient management of solar greenhouse, but many studies on the accumulation of soil nutrients in greenhouse use "space generation time" method, which is difficult to accurately explain the dynamic changes in the accumulation of soil nutrients with the growing period of cultivation; on the solar temperature in Shaanxi. The study of nutrient balance and accumulation in the room is mostly concentrated in Guanzhong area and less research on Northern Shaanxi. In addition, the research on the ways and characteristics of nutrient flow in solar greenhouse is rarely reported from the point of view of the system. Therefore, this study studies the nutrient balance and soil in different areas of sunlight greenhouse in different regions of Shaanxi. The main conclusions of nutrient accumulation and the characteristics of nutrient flow in greenhouse include: (1) 3 consecutive years in Yangling, Ansai and Jingbian, Shaanxi Province, 3 districts of Ansai and Jingbian to investigate the fertilization status of greenhouse cultivation system, and determine the soil nutrients in greenhouse. The results showed that 1) the nutrient input of the solar greenhouse was different from that in the region, and the annual average nitrogen (N) phosphorus (K2) potassium (K2) potassium (P2O5) potassium (K2) O) the total nutrient input was 1933.31587.2 and 1799.2kg/hm2 respectively. The nutrient input was mainly chemical fertilizer, and the crop was only 22%, 7% and 36% of the nutrient input, which resulted in a large surplus of nutrients in the soil; 2) the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content in the research area solar greenhouse were in the middle and low level, and the nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 0-2 m soil profile was 60%. The above soil layer below 60cm indicates that nitrate leaching problem is worthy of attention. 3) soil available phosphorus and potassium are high and high, indicating that the problem of excessive application of P and K is prominent. Compared with X soil and yellow sponge soil, the nutrient content of sandy soil is relatively low. (2) for 5 years, more than 10 new sunlight greenhouse were applied to the facility cultivation base in Yangling demonstration area. The analysis of fertilizer status and soil samples showed that the soil nutrient content increased year by year with increasing planting years in the greenhouse, among which the increase of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were 3.5,0.2 g/kg and 24.8,39.2,53.3mg/kg respectively, and the increase trend of each nutrient content was the growth rate of the previous 2 years. After third years, the soil organic matter reached the suitable level, the available phosphorus and potassium reached the high level after planting third and second years respectively. The accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-2 m soil layer also increased with the growing period, of which nearly 2/3 nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the soil layer below 60cm, indicating that nitrate leaching was prominent; with the growing years of planting, The soil pH of the plough layer decreased and the soil conductivity increased significantly; the annual surplus of greenhouse nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was up to 13961516 and 1271 kg/hm2 during 5 years of continuous planting, and there was a significant correlation between nutrient surplus and soil nutrient content, which showed that the problem of excessive fertilization in the local solar greenhouse was prominent, and the potential for reducing fertilizer was great. (3) the vegetable in Shaanxi was the vegetable. 40 relative concentrated solar greenhouse in the cultivation base was studied as a whole. Using the conservation principle of "input = output + storage" in the analysis of material flow, the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle and balance characteristics in the solar greenhouse were analyzed in the study cycle (1 years). The results showed that 1) the nitrogen and Phosphorus Input of the solar temperature room system were 1637.5 and 668.3 kg/hm2. The output of 830.8 and 103.4 kg/hm2. was the main way of nitrogen output, which accounted for 38.5% of the total nitrogen output, followed by leaching. The plant residues were the main route of phosphorus output, which accounted for 56.2%.2 of the total phosphorus output. The nitrogen and phosphorus balance in the solar greenhouse system were all in the surplus state, and the soil nitrogen and phosphorus utilization ratio were only 29.5% and 14.4%, respectively. The emission rate is up to 61.5% and 62.6%.3) and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus load of the solar greenhouse system is up to 1317.8 kg/hm2 and 629.6 kg/hm2 respectively, which makes the greenhouse area become a high pollution potential area. Therefore, in the production of solar greenhouse, the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be properly reduced and the recycling of the residue after harvest should be strengthened. Improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and the nutrient cycling rate in the system, and reduce the harm of agricultural non-point source pollution to the environment.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S158;S626.5

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