不同水肥处理对盐碱地土壤水氮盐分布及玉米生长的影响

发布时间：2018-06-26 11:19

本文选题：盐碱地 + 水肥处理　；参考：《太原理工大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国土地盐渍化现象较为严重,且分布广泛,农业用水短缺且分布不均匀,再加上农业生产过程中肥料的滥用,严重影响了我国农业的发展,因此改良盐碱地、提高盐渍化土地的利用率以及提高水分利用率、节约水资源,合理施用肥料是发展农业生产过程中必不可少的一步。大同盆地盐碱地较多,盐渍化耕地利用率小,水资源短缺,属严重缺水地区,且受日照影响较为严重,大量的不合理的施肥造成土壤盐渍化现象加剧,由于水肥制度的不合理,不仅降低了水肥利用率,还浪费水资源以及污染环境。目前已经有很多人进行水肥耦合的研究,但大多说是针对于非盐碱地的,本试验是在盐碱地的基础上,通过对青贮玉米进行水肥控制管理来进行研究的。试验设两个因素:灌水量3个水平,上限控制田间持水量的100%,90%和80%(W1,W2,W3),下限控制在田间持水量的60%左右,施肥量设置900、750、600和450 kg/hm2(F1,F2,F3,F4)四个施肥水平。通过试验,研究了盐碱地不同水肥处理对青贮玉米株高、叶面积指数等生长性状的影响、对玉米产量、水分利用效率以及耗水量的影响、对土壤水盐分布和氮素的影响,最终提出最适宜当地的水肥生产模式,对提高当地水分利用效率、节约用水资源、减少施肥量、减少环境污染、提高玉米产量有重要的意义。试验研究取得的结论如下:⑴在整个生育过程,不同水肥处理下0-40cm土层含水率变化较为频繁,40-100cm土层含水率受水肥的影响不大。土壤剖面全生育期平均含水率与灌水量呈正相关,与施肥量呈负相关;不同水肥处理下,0-40cm土层电导率变化较为频繁,0-10cm土层出现盐分聚集的现象,40-100cm土层电导率基本不受水肥的影响。灌水量对电导率的影响主要表现在0-40cm,灌水量相同时,降低施肥量有利于降低表层的电导率。⑵在玉米整个生育期中,灌水量对土壤铵态氮影响不显著(p0.05),在玉米生育前期,施肥量对硝态氮的影响不显著(p0.05),在生育中后期,适当增加灌水量有利于提高硝态氮的浓度,w1处理对硝态氮没有太大的影响,w2处理下,施肥量对硝态氮浓度影响不显著(p0.05)。⑶灌水量对玉米耗水量的影响显著(p0.05),耗水量与灌水量呈正相关关系,施肥量对耗水量的影响不显著(p0.05);灌水量一定时,适当的降低施肥量有利于提高作物水分利用效率,施肥量过低会导致水分利用效率减小。试验表明施肥量为600-750kg/hm2时,最有利于提高水分利用效率,水分利用效率能达到1.63-2.06,施肥量为f4(450kg/hm2)时,玉米水分利用效率最低,保持在1.24-1.41范围内。除f1外,其它施肥水平下,非充分灌溉玉米水分利用效率高于充分灌溉,且随着亏水程度的加剧,水分利用效率降低的幅度减小。⑷在生育前期,灌水量对玉米株高、叶面积指数等生长指标影响不大,生育中后期,适当增加水肥用量,能够提高青贮玉米的株高、叶面积指数、产量以及干物质的累积量,灌水量对株高、产量的影响差异显著(p0.05),对叶面积指数的影响没有显著性差异(p0.05);施肥量在450-750kg/hm2时,玉米干物质的积累、产量和株高均与施肥量成正相关,施肥量从750增加到900kg/hm2时,玉米的各个生长指标以及产量等均略有下降;施肥量相同时,W2处理下玉米鲜重最大,灌水量相同时,在一定的施肥量范围内,玉米鲜重与施肥量呈正相关关系。
[Abstract]:The phenomenon of land salinization is serious and widely distributed in China. The shortage and uneven distribution of agricultural water, and the misuse of fertilizer in the process of agricultural production have seriously affected the development of agriculture in our country. Therefore, the improvement of saline alkali land, the improvement of the utilization rate of salinized land, the improvement of water utilization rate, the saving of water resources, and the rational application of fertilizer are the hair of our country. In the process of agricultural production, there are more salt and alkali land in Datong Basin, low utilization rate of salinized arable land, shortage of water resources, serious water shortage area, serious influence of sunshine and a large number of unreasonable fertilization, which aggravate the soil salinization. Because of the unreasonable water and fertilizer system, it not only reduces the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, but also reduces the utilization rate of water and fertilizer. Waste water resources and environmental pollution are wasted. At present, many people have studied the coupling of water and fertilizer, but most of them are aimed at non saline alkali land. On the basis of the saline alkali land, this experiment is carried out through the control and management of the water and fertilizer of the silage corn. The experiment has two factors: the irrigation amount is 3 levels and the upper limit control the field water holding capacity. 100%, 90% and 80% (W1, W2, W3), the lower limit control was about 60% of the field water holding capacity, and the amount of fertilizer was set up 900750600 and 450 kg/hm2 (F1, F2, F3, F4) four fertilization levels. The effects of different water and fertilizer treatment on the plant height, leaf area index and other growth traits of the silage maize were studied, and the yield, water use efficiency and water consumption of the corn were studied. The influence on the distribution of soil water and salt and the influence of nitrogen, finally put forward the most suitable local water and fertilizer production mode, which is important to improve the local water use efficiency, save the water resources, reduce the amount of fertilizer, reduce the environmental pollution and improve the corn production. The conclusions are as follows: (1) in the whole birth process, different water and fertilizer places The water content of the 0-40cm soil layer is more frequent, and the water content of the 40-100cm soil layer is not affected by the water and fertilizer. The average water content in the whole growth period of the soil profile is positively correlated with the irrigation amount, and it has a negative correlation with the amount of fertilizer. Under different water and fertilizer treatment, the electrical conductivity of the 0-40cm soil layer is more frequent, and the salt accumulation in the 0-10cm soil layer appears, and the 40-100cm soil layer is found. The effect of the electrical conductivity is not affected by the water and fertilizer. The effect of the irrigation amount on the conductivity is mainly in 0-40cm, while the quantity of irrigation is at the same time, reducing the amount of fertilizer is beneficial to the decrease of the conductivity of the surface. (P0.05) a proper increase in the amount of irrigation in the middle and late stages of fertility was beneficial to the concentration of nitrate nitrogen, and the effect of W1 treatment on nitrate nitrogen was not too significant. Under the W2 treatment, the effect of Fertilization on the nitrate nitrogen concentration was not significant (P0.05). (3) the effect of irrigation on the water consumption of maize was significant (P0.05), the water consumption was positively related to the irrigation amount, and the amount of fertilizer applied to the water consumption. The effect of quantity is not significant (P0.05); when the amount of irrigation is certain, the appropriate amount of fertilizer can be reduced to improve the water use efficiency of crops, and the low amount of fertilizer will lead to the decrease of water use efficiency. The experiment shows that when the amount of fertilizer is 600-750kg/hm2, it is the most beneficial to improve the water use efficiency, the water use efficiency can reach 1.63-2.06, and the amount of fertilizer is F4 (450kg/hm 2) the water use efficiency of maize was the lowest and kept in the range of 1.24-1.41. In addition to F1, under the other fertilization levels, the water use efficiency of non sufficient irrigation maize was higher than that of full irrigation, and with the increasing degree of water loss, the decrease of water use efficiency decreased. 4. In the pre fertility period, the growth indexes of maize plant height, leaf area index and so on were used in the pre fertility period. The effect of water and Fertilizer on the plant height, leaf area index, yield and dry matter accumulation, the effect of irrigation on plant height and yield was significantly different (P0.05), and there was no significant difference (P0.05) on leaf area index (P0.05), and the accumulation of dry matter in Maize at 450-750kg/hm2. When the amount of fertilization was increased from 750 to 900kg/hm2, the growth index and yield of maize decreased slightly when the amount of fertilization increased from 750 to the yield. At the same time, the fresh weight of Maize under the W2 treatment was the largest, and the amount of irrigation was at the same time. The fresh weight of corn was positively related to the amount of fertilizer.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513;S156.4

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