云南水稻低温冷害指标研究

发布时间：2018-07-07 11:44

  本文选题：低温冷害 + 水稻　； 参考：《成都信息工程大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文是在国家科技支撑计划项目《重大突发性自然灾害预警与防控技术研究与应用》下《突发性灾害应急与防控技术集成与示范》课题(项目编号:2012BAD20B00)中的《云南突发性灾害指标与发生规律的研究》子课题(合约编号:2012BAD20B06)的资助下完成的。论文以籼稻和粳稻两个水稻品种为试验材料,在云南4个海拔高度进行选址,采用盆栽实验,建立4个自动气象站,进行平行观测,在水稻主要生育期开展生理观测和水稻生长动态观测,得出水稻生长、生理、生产观测数据和主要气象数据,综合对水稻低温冷害指标进行研究。本文研究的主要内容是:开展水稻种植试验,基于水稻不同发育时期的生理生态习性、作物生长模拟模型和不同天气气候条件,分析海拔梯度变化对水稻光合作用、水稻生长的影响;对4个种植实验点的水稻在不同生育期进行海拔梯度搬运,模拟不同梯度海拔和温度变化,分析海拔梯度间搬运对水稻生长、生理和产量的影响。结合气象观测资料,明确致灾因子出现的条件及其相应指标,对水稻低温冷害的指标进行研究。分析结果表明:影响粳稻的气象因子最主要是气温,粳稻容易受低温的影响,低温会降低茎鞘干重、叶片干重、叶面积,降低水稻有效穗数和有效粒数。影响籼稻的气象因子同样以气温为主导,但是就气温和各产量构成因素之间的关系而言,粳稻要比籼稻明显。对于籼稻而言,形成最大差异的临界海拔高度在1500~1800m之间,1500~1800 m可作为判断籼稻生长是否受到显著影响的分水岭;对于粳稻来说,形成最大差异的临界海拔高度在1800~2100m之间。1800~2100m,可作为判断籼稻生长是否受到显著影响的分水岭。随海拔高度的增加,温度的降低,水稻叶片最大净光合速率和光合能力逐渐降低,表观两量子效率也降低,而光饱和点和CO2饱和点逐渐增大,光补偿点和CO2补偿点都减小,表观羧化速率却在较低海拔时相对较低。同一品种在不同海拔、不同生育阶段,光合特性都有明显的差异,搬运处理在短期内也会明显改变水稻的光合特性。从较低海拔向较高海拔搬运,粳稻受到的不利影响较籼稻受到的影响更大。定义云南籼稻在拔节期低温冷害影响指标为19.6℃,开花结实期低温冷害影响指标为20.5℃,乳熟期低温冷害影响指标为19.1℃;定义云南粳稻在拔节期低温冷害影响指标为17.2℃,开花结实期低温冷害影响指标为18.1℃,乳熟期低温冷害影响指标为16.7℃。
[Abstract]:This article is in the national science and technology support plan project "the important sudden natural disaster early warning and the prevention and control technology research and the application" under the "sudden disaster emergency and prevention and control technology integration and demonstration" project (project number: 2012BAD20B00) "Yunnan" A study on the Indexes and rules of sudden disasters. Subproject (contract No.: 2012BAD20B06). In this paper, two rice varieties, indica rice and japonica rice, were selected at four altitudes in Yunnan, and four automatic weather stations were set up for parallel observation by pot experiment. Physiological observation and dynamic observation of rice growth were carried out in the main growth period of rice. The observation data of rice growth, physiology and production and main meteorological data were obtained, and the cold damage index of rice at low temperature was studied synthetically. The main contents of this paper are as follows: the experiment of rice cultivation is carried out. Based on the physiological and ecological habits of rice at different development stages, crop growth simulation model and different weather and climate conditions, the effect of altitude gradient on photosynthesis of rice is analyzed. The effects of different gradients on the growth, physiology and yield of rice were analyzed. Combined with meteorological observation data, the conditions of occurrence of disaster factors and their corresponding indexes were determined, and the indexes of low temperature chilling injury of rice were studied. The results showed that the main meteorological factors affecting japonica rice were air temperature, which was easy to be affected by low temperature. The dry weight of stem and sheath, dry weight of leaf, leaf area, effective panicle number and effective grain number of rice could be reduced by low temperature. The meteorological factors affecting indica rice were also dominated by temperature, but in terms of the relationship between temperature and yield components, japonica rice was more obvious than indica rice. For indica rice, the critical altitude between 1500 ~ 1800m and 1800m can be used as a watershed to judge whether the growth of indica rice is significantly affected or not. The critical altitude of the maximum difference was between 1800m and 2100m, which could be used as a watershed to judge whether the growth of indica rice was significantly affected. With the increase of altitude and the decrease of temperature, the maximum net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic ability of rice leaves decreased gradually, and the apparent two quantum efficiency also decreased, while the light saturation point and CO _ 2 saturation point increased, and the light compensation point and CO _ 2 compensation point decreased. The apparent rate of carboxylation is relatively low at lower altitude. The photosynthetic characteristics of the same variety were significantly different at different altitudes and different growth stages, and the transport treatment could also change the photosynthetic characteristics of rice in a short period of time. From lower altitude to higher altitude, the adverse effect of japonica rice was greater than that of indica rice. The effects of low temperature chilling injury on Yunnan indica rice at jointing stage were defined as 19.6 鈩，

本文编号：2104862