长期施肥对黑土化学性质、微生物区系组成和活性的影响

发布时间：2018-07-26 14:42

【摘要】：农业的可持续发展依赖于土壤的持续利用,土壤的持续利用要求土壤肥力的维持和提高,土壤肥力包括土壤的物理肥力、化学肥力和生物肥力。施肥是对土壤肥力影响最大的农业措施之一。黑土是我国主要耕地土壤之一,主要分布在我国东北粮食产区的吉林和黑龙江两个省,占两省耕地总面积的二分之一。黑土虽然开垦较晚,但是由于重用轻养,土壤有机质含量呈下降,养分耗损量大,黑土层变薄,土壤肥力下降。所以,本研究以玉米高产体系下的吉林省公主岭的国家黑土肥力和肥料效益长期定位试验基地为平台,研究长期不同施肥对玉米生育期内土壤化学指标和生物肥力指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。在玉米五个关键生期(苗期、拔节期、开花期、灌浆期和收获期)采集土样,测定土壤样品化学指标、酶活性、微生物量碳、氮和微生物数量指标,并将数据进行统计分析,得出如下结论:土壤中全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量在玉米生育期内的动态变化规律性较强。与NPK和CK相比,长期化肥和有机肥配施显著提高了玉米生育期内土壤中有机质全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量。铵态氮和硝态氮在玉米生育期规律性较差,但是NPK+M2处理五个时期平均铵态氮和硝态氮含量均最高,与CK和NPK处理五个时期平均值相比,增幅为16.6%和24.4%,1.42倍和1.16倍。pH在玉米生育期规律性不强,与NPK和NPK+1.5M1处理相比,其他有机肥或秸秆配施化肥处理pH下降幅度较小。长期不同定位施肥处理黑土中过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性在玉米生育期内呈现大致相同的变化规律:苗期到拔节期上升,在拔节期出现峰值,随后下降,到灌浆期酶活性最低,收获期酶活回升。蔗糖酶活性的动态变化与以上三种酶活略有不同:苗期到开花期升高,开花期到收获期下降。长期不同定位施肥处理黑土中微生物量碳、氮在玉米生育期内变化规律大致相同:苗期到拔节期下降,拔节期到开花期上升并达到峰值,开花期到收获期下降。长期不同定位施肥处理黑土中微生物数量苗期到拔节期变化不明显,开花期微生物数量急剧上升并达到峰值,开花期到灌浆期明显下降。在玉米相同生育期内不同施肥处理间相比,黑土中脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳、氮变化规律为:NPK+1.5M1NPK+M2NPK+M1NPK+M1(R)NPK+SNPKCK。土壤中过氧化氢酶活性和微生物数量在玉米不同生育期规律性有差异。整体来说,与CK和NPK相比,长期有机肥和化肥配施明显提高土壤中过氧化氢酶活性和微生物数量。有机质、全氮和速效钾含量与生物学指标显著或极显著正相关;全磷和速效磷含量与磷细菌数量不存在显著正相关关系,和其他生物学指标显著或极显著正相关;全钾含量和碱解氮含量与纤维素分解菌不相关,与其他生物学指标显著或极显著正相关;硝态氮含量和脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、微生物量碳、氮、纤维素分解菌、硝化细菌显著正相关,和反硝化细菌极显著正相关;铵态氮和pH与所有生物学指标不存在显著相关性。
[Abstract]:The sustainable development of agriculture depends on the continuous utilization of soil, the continuous utilization of soil requires the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility, soil fertility including soil physical fertility, chemical fertility and biological fertility. Fertilization is one of the most important agricultural measures for soil fertility. Black soil is one of the main cultivated soil in China, mainly distributed in my country. The two provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang in the grain producing area of Northeast China account for 1/2 of the total area of cultivated land in two provinces. Although the black soil has been reclaimed late, the soil organic matter content is declining, the amount of soil organic matter is declining, the nutrient loss is large, the black soil layer is thinner, and the soil fertility is declining because of the reuse of the black soil. Therefore, this research is based on the Gongzhuling of Jilin Province under the high yield system of maize. The effect of long-term fertilization on soil chemical index and biological fertility index in the growth period of maize was studied on the basis of long-term location test base of soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency, and the correlation analysis was carried out. Soil samples were collected at five critical stages of Maize (seedling, jointing, flowering, filling and harvest), and the chemical index of soil samples was measured. Standard, enzyme activity, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and microbial quantity index, and the data were statistically analyzed to draw the following conclusions: the dynamic change regularity of total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium content in the growth period of maize was stronger. Compared with NPK and CK, long-term fertilizer and organic fertilizer improved maize raw material significantly. The content of organic matter total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil during the period of breeding. The regularity of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the growth period of maize was poor, but the average ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content of the five periods of NPK+M2 treatment were the highest, and the increase was 16.6% and 24.4%, 1.42 times and 1.16 times.PH, compared with the five periods of NPK treatment. The regularity of maize growth period was not strong. Compared with NPK and NPK+1.5M1 treatment, other organic manure or straw combined with chemical fertilizer treatment pH decreased slightly. At the present peak, the enzyme activity was the lowest at the filling stage and the enzyme activity in the harvest period increased. The dynamic changes of the activity of invertase were slightly different from those of the three kinds of enzymes: the seedling stage to the flowering stage and the flowering period to the harvest period. The period to the jointing stage decreased, the jointing period to the flowering period rose and reached the peak, and the flowering period to the harvest period decreased. The change of the number of microbes in the black soil of the long-term different positioning fertilization treatment was not obvious, the number of microbes in the flowering period rose sharply and reached the peak, and the flowering period to the filling period decreased obviously. Compared with the fertilization treatment, the urease, phosphatase, invertase activity and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen change in the black soil were: NPK+1.5M1NPK+M2NPK+M1NPK+M1 (R) NPK+SNPKCK. soil catalase activity and the number of microbes were different in different growth stages of maize. As compared with CK and NPK, the long-term organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were applied to the whole body. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium were significantly or very significantly correlated with biological indicators, and there was no significant positive correlation between total phosphorus and available phosphorus content and the number of phosphorus bacteria, and significant or extremely significant correlation with other biological indicators; total potassium content and alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content and content of nitrogen. The cellulose decomposing bacteria were not related to other biological indicators. The nitrate nitrogen content was significantly positively correlated with urease, phosphatase, catalase, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, cellulose decomposing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria, and there was no significant correlation between ammonium nitrogen and pH with all biological indexes.
【学位授予单位】：吉林农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S153;S154.3

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