秸秆还田对土壤微生态环境和烟叶品质的影响

发布时间：2018-08-01 11:32

【摘要】：本试验通过研究秸秆不同处理还田后对植烟土壤酶活性、有机质含量、微生物数量以及烟叶品质方面的影响,来揭示烟田在水稻、玉米秸秆高温堆沤与粉碎翻压还田下土壤微生态环境和烟叶品质的变化规律,旨在为秸秆还田技术的推广应用提供理论依据。本研究结果如下：1.通过研究烟草在不同生育时期水稻、玉米秸秆高温堆沤还田与粉碎翻压还田对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶四种酶活性的变化发现：秸秆高温堆沤不同时间后还田对土壤脲酶活性变化随着堆沤时间延长呈现先增加再减少的趋势；不施肥的对照组脲酶活性团颗期最低,只有28.01(NH+4-Nμg/(g/h))；,施氮磷钾肥对照组土壤中脲酶活性高出同时期不施肥对照组15.17(NH+4-Nμg/(g/h))；土壤蔗糖酶活性表现出先升高后降低的变化,各处理中土壤蔗糖酶活性均高于对照处理。在高温堆沤秸秆还田配施用化肥的情况下,土壤蔗糖酶的活性略高于不施化肥对照组；除对照CK和CK-F外,过氧化氢酶的活性呈现出逐渐下降的动态变化。在不同处理中,高温堆沤一个月秸秆还田处理的过氧化氢酶活性最高,达到35.62mg/g；不同处理方式中硝酸还原酶的活性差异表现为,堆沤两个月还田-F堆沤两个月还田堆沤一个月还田-F堆沤一个月还田堆沤三个月还田-F堆沤三个月还田CK-FCF,总体随着秸秆高温堆沤时间的延长呈现出先增加再降低的趋势。秸秆粉碎翻压还田处理下脲酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶等酶的活性都呈现递增的趋势,只是不同的处理方式之间土样中硝酸还原酶的活性有所差异。2.秸秆不同处理后土壤有机质的含量变化有所不同,在各个生育时期都表现为：堆沤两个月-F处理的土壤有机质含量最高,而秸秆还田同时配合施用氮磷钾肥对提高土壤有机质含量效果最显著。秸秆粉碎翻压不施氮磷钾肥的CK土壤有机质含量最低。秸秆粉碎翻压还田与氮磷钾肥配合施用的农田土壤有机质含量显著高于施氮磷钾肥对照(CK-F)的处理,这其中又以水稻、玉米秸秆粉碎翻压还田并配合施用氮磷钾土壤有机质含量最高,而两种作物秸秆单独还田对于土壤有机质的影响差异不是很明显。3.通过研究发现：不同生育时期,秸秆高温堆沤还田与不施氮磷钾肥的处理(CK)相比,施用肥料可以提高土壤中放线菌的数量,而不能提高土壤真菌的数量。配施氮磷钾肥的高温堆沤秸秆还田处理土壤中的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量明显高于只施氮磷钾肥CK处理；而其中又以细菌数量的差距最大,在秸秆粉碎翻压还田试验中,施肥对细菌数量有一定程度的影响,各处理中凡是配合施用氮磷钾肥的处理中细菌数量都有所下降。而单独的秸秆还田配合施用肥料的处理中细菌数量的增加也不是明显。但当两种秸秆粉碎翻压还田后,细菌数量的增加较其他处理都表现为极其显著,这说明秸秆还田才是影响土壤中细菌数量的主要因素。4.秸秆不同处理方式对烤烟生长发育、产量以及烟叶品质的影响不同,秸秆粉碎翻压还田烟草株高各处理比高温堆沤还田各处理普遍要高出1-3cm,茎围最高值之间相差8.8%。秸秆粉碎翻压还田处理产量最高值2356kg/hm2,比高温堆沤还田处理最高值2004kg/hm2高出17.56%。虽然水稻、玉米秸秆高温堆沤还田在一定程度上对烤烟的产量、烟叶的品质等有影响,但粉碎翻压还田处理的方式更适宜于烤烟生长。
[Abstract]:In this experiment, the effects of straw different treatments on soil enzyme activity, organic matter content, microbial quantity and tobacco quality were studied to reveal the changes of soil microecological environment and tobacco quality under the high temperature composting and crushing of corn straw in the tobacco field. The results are as follows: 1. the changes in the activities of four kinds of enzymes in soil urease, invertase, catalase and nitrate reductase in rice, corn straw high temperature heap retting and crushing and returning to field in different growth period of tobacco were studied. The change with the time of composting increased first and then decreased, and the urease active group in the control group was the lowest, only 28.01 (NH+4-N g/ (g/h)), and the soil urease activity in the control group was 15.17 (NH+4-N mu g/ (g/h)) in the same period, and the activity of invertase in the soil was increased first and then decreased. The activity of sucrase in soil was higher than that of control. The activity of invertase in soil was slightly higher than that of non fertilizer control group. In addition to control CK and CK-F, the activity of catalase in the soil was slightly higher than that of the control group. The activity of catalase in the treatment of straw returning to the field was the highest, reaching 35.62mg/g, and the difference in the activity of the nitrate reductase in different treatments was that the RET of the soil for two months was -F composting and two months was RET for one month and -F heap retted for one month, and ret for three months and returned to the field for three months to return to the field for three months, and the total with the straw high temperature reactor. The prolongation of the retting time showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. The activity of urease, invertase, nitrate reductase and other enzymes showed an increasing trend, but the activity of nitrate reductase in soil samples was different between different treatments. The changes of soil organic matter content of.2. straw after different treatments were changed. The soil organic matter content was the highest in two months of -F treatment, while straw returning and application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were the most significant in improving the soil organic matter content. Straw pulverization and pressure reduction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in CK soil organic matter content was the lowest. The content of organic matter in farmland soil was significantly higher than that of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (CK-F) treatment, in which rice, corn straw crushed and reversed field and combined with N, P and K soil organic matter content were the highest, but the difference of two crop straw returning to soil organic matter was not obvious.3. through research. Compared with CK, the amount of actinomycetes in soil could be increased, but the amount of soil fungi could not be increased by applying fertilizer, but the amount of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the soil treated with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were significantly higher than that of only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer C. K treatment, and the number of bacteria in the largest gap, in the straw crushing and rolling back field test, fertilization on the number of bacteria to a certain extent, every treatment in the treatment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the treatment of bacteria in the number of decreased. But when two kinds of stalks were crushed and returned to the field, the number of bacteria increased significantly compared with the other treatments, which indicated that the main factor affecting the number of bacteria in the soil was the straw returning to the field. The effects of different treatments on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, the yield and the quality of tobacco leaves were different, and the straw smashed and repressed the field of tobacco by the two kinds of straw returning. The treatment of plant height was higher than that of high temperature heap retting and returning to the field. The difference between the highest value of stem circumference and the maximum value of 8.8%. straw crushing and turning over the field was 2356kg/hm2, which was higher than that of the highest value of 2004kg/hm2, which was higher than that of the high temperature heap retting to the field, 17.56%. though rice, the yield of flue-cured tobacco and tobacco leaves to a certain extent were to some extent by the high temperature heap Retting of corn straw. The quality and so on are affected, but the way of crushing, turning over and returning to field is more suitable for the growth of flue-cured tobacco.
【学位授予单位】：湖南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S572;S141.4

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