长白山地低山土壤动物对环境因子变化的响应

发布时间：2018-09-01 18:31

【摘要】：土壤动物是陆地生态系统中重要的组成部分之一,与环境因子间存在相对稳定、密不可分的关系,土壤动物的密度、群落结构和类群数等均可对环境因子做出相应的响应。本文研究了长白山地低山土壤动物群落的组成和结构特征,探讨了长白山地低山土壤动物对不同环境因子的响应,可为土壤动物与环境因子相关系研究提供基础数据,同时可为森林系统保护与恢复提供科学依据。分别于2014年的春季(5月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(9月)对长白山地低山地区的次生针阔叶混交林、次生落叶阔叶林、蒙古栎林、耕地四个生境内的土壤动物进行研究。具体研究内容涉及土壤动物群落的区系组成,土壤动物群落的结构及其动态,着重探讨了土壤动物与土壤环境因子之间的关系。共获得土壤动物58类,30445只,隶属3门6纲22目52科(亚目)。其中大型土壤动物52类,1663只,优势类群共3类,即蚁科、线蚓科和正蚓科,常见类群有马陆目、石蜈蚣科、地蜈蚣科、等11个类群。获得中小型土壤动物45类,共28782只,优势类群为甲螨亚目、辐螨亚目和节跳虫科共3个类群。这些类群是长白山地低山区土壤动物的主体部分。不同生境之间土壤动物的密度和类群数具有一定的差异性,且季节变化不同。不同生境内土壤动物垂直分布表聚性特征明显。对各生境土壤动物的多样性进行分析可知,次生落叶阔叶林生境内土壤动物群落多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,而耕地生境是4各生境中最低的。通过对大型、中小型土壤动物与13种环境因子进行Pearson相关分析可知,大型土壤动物对土壤温度和土壤湿度具有正向响应,其密度、类群数与土壤温度具有显著正相关关系,中小型土壤动物的密度、类群数对土壤湿度具有显著正向响应;土壤动物对p H的响应程度较低,对有机质具有显著正向响应;土壤动物对TN、TP、TK的响应程度高,大型土壤动物的密度对速效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,中小型土壤动物类群数对速效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,对Ca、Mg的响应程度较低,对Mn具有很高的负向响应。通过对4个生境环境因子进行主成分分析,可以看出每个生境的主导环境因子具有差异性,不同生境土壤动物对同一种环境因子的相应也具有差异性。土壤动物对TN、有机质、TK的响应程度很高。
[Abstract]:Soil fauna is one of the most important components of terrestrial ecosystem, which has a relatively stable and inseparable relationship with environmental factors. The density, community structure and number of groups of soil animals can respond to environmental factors accordingly. In this paper, the composition and structural characteristics of soil fauna community in low mountain area of Changbai Mountain were studied, and the response of soil fauna to different environmental factors was discussed, which can provide basic data for the study of the relationship between soil fauna and environmental factors. At the same time, it can provide scientific basis for forest system protection and restoration. In the spring (May), summer (July) and autumn (September) of 2014, the soil fauna of four fields in Changbai Mountain were studied, which were secondary coniferous broadleaved mixed forest, secondary deciduous broadleaf forest, Mongolian oak forest and cultivated land. The main contents of this paper are the floristic composition of soil fauna community, the structure and dynamics of soil fauna community, and the relationship between soil fauna and soil environmental factors. A total of 30 445 soil animals belonging to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 22 orders and 52 families (suborder) were obtained. Among them, 1 663 large soil animals belong to 52 classes and 3 dominant groups, I. e., Formicidae, Vermiidae and Orthoveridae. The common groups are horsettidae, Centipetaceae, Centipetaceae, and 11 groups. A total of 28782 small and medium-sized soil animals of 45 categories were obtained. The dominant groups were Acari, Acari and Diopodidae. These groups are the main part of soil fauna in the low mountain area of Changbai Mountain. The density and group number of soil animals were different among different habitats, and the seasonal variation was different. The characteristics of vertical distribution of soil animals in different habitats are obvious. The diversity of soil fauna in the secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest was the highest, while that of cultivated land was the lowest. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis of large, medium and small soil animals and 13 kinds of environmental factors, it was found that macrofauna had a positive response to soil temperature and soil moisture, and its density, group number and soil temperature had a significant positive correlation. The density and group number of small and medium-sized soil animals have a significant positive response to soil moisture, soil animals have a low response to pH and a significant positive response to organic matter, and soil animals have a high response to TN,TP,TK. The density of macrofauna was highly responsive to available nutrient N ~ (2 +) P ~ (2 +) K, and the number of small and medium-sized soil fauna groups was highly responsive to available nutrient N ~ (2 +) P ~ (2 +) K, the response to Ca,Mg was relatively low, and it had a very high negative response to Mn. Through the principal component analysis of the four habitat environmental factors, it can be seen that the dominant environmental factors of each habitat are different, and the soil animals of different habitats have different corresponding to the same environmental factors. Soil animals are highly responsive to TN, organic matter (TN,).
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S154.5

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