长期施肥对设施土壤钾空间分布和番茄产量与品质的影响

发布时间：2018-09-09 13:04

【摘要】：本文针对当前设施蔬菜生产中由于施肥不合理而导致肥料利用率降低、土壤质量退化、蔬菜产量和品质下降等系列问题,以沈阳农业大学园艺学院1988年建立的蔬菜施肥长期定位试验为基础,选取其中10个与土壤钾相关的处理(有机肥部分5个处理：单施有机肥AN0、有机肥和钾肥配施AK、有机肥和氮钾肥配施ANK、有机肥和磷钾肥配施APK、有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施ANPK;不施用有机肥部分5个处理：不施用有机肥BN0、只施用钾肥BK、只施用氮钾肥BNK、只施用磷钾肥BPK、只施用氮磷钾肥BNPK)。通过田间试验与室内分析相结合的方式,研究了长期不同施肥对设施内土壤钾素剖面分布、番茄产量和品质的影响,研究结果如下：(1)长期施用肥料条件下,钾素含量在土壤各层的变化差异显著。土壤中速效钾受不同施肥处理的影响较大,通过对0-20、20-40、40-60cm三个层次的土壤对比,结果表明增施有机肥可以大幅度提高土壤中速效钾的含量,增施有机肥处理土层比不施用有机肥处理的土层速效钾含量平均提高了49.99%、57.42%和45.90%。有机肥和钾肥配施对于各层次速效钾含量的提高也有很明显的效果,以0-20cm土壤为例,AK处理各时期的土壤速效钾含量分别达到了288.46mg·kg-1、211.83mg·kg-1、214.77mg·kg-1。各层次土壤速效钾含量的变化与氮、磷、钾素同有机肥的不同配施方法有着密切的联系。(2)本试验的各处理对番茄土壤中缓效钾影响较大,0-20、20-40、40-60cm的层次土壤中增施有机肥对土壤缓效钾含量影响显著,以开花期为例,施用有机肥的处理比不施用有机肥的处理缓效钾分别增加了286.97mg·kg-1、139.28mg·kg-1、184.66mg·kg-1。有机肥和钾肥的配施对土壤缓效钾含量的提升起到了较为明显的效果。番茄不同生长发育时期内有机肥与钾肥配施比单施有机肥的土壤速效钾平均高出186.73mg·kg-1。在番茄不同的生育时期内,缓效钾含量随着土壤深度的加深而呈现逐渐降低的趋势。(3)番茄土壤中全钾的含量受不同施肥处理影响也比较大,0-20cm、20-40cm土层土壤全钾含量差异显著,在这两个层次内,土壤全钾的含量受到有机肥的影响较为明显,有机肥的施入反而降低了该土壤内全钾的含量,而在40-60cm土层中番茄土壤全钾含量差异不大。在0-20cm层次的土壤中,以处理BK的全钾含量最高,可见施用钾肥对提高土壤全钾含量有较为明显的作用。与速效钾和缓效钾不同,长期施用有机肥反而降低了土壤全钾含量的趋势,但效果并不显著。长期单施钾肥对于提高土壤全钾的含量效果明显。(4)在长期施肥情况下,各处理的番茄的叶片、茎杆、根系、果实间吸钾量差异显著。总体来看,增施有机肥配施氮肥的处理和有机肥与钾肥配施的处理有利于促进植株钾的吸收。叶片吸钾量最高的是ANPK处理为3.92%,茎杆吸钾量最高的是ANPK处理为2.98%,根系吸钾量最高的为AK处理,达到1.83%,而果实中BK表现最高,其次是BNPK,分别达到3.72%和3.71%。番茄各器官中,果实部分的吸钾量要远高于其它部位,而根系吸钾量占总吸钾量比例较小,吸钾量占总吸钾量比例大体顺序依次为果实叶片茎杆根系。番茄果实中,各处理的吸钾量比例在30.2%-36.6%范围内,番茄叶片中,各处理的吸钾量比例在26.9%-35.0%范围内,番茄茎杆中,各处理的吸钾量比例在17.2%-27.7%范围内,番茄根系中,各处理的吸钾量比例在11.0%-16.6%范围内。(5)长期施肥条件下,各处理番茄产量差异显著。增施有机肥的处理要比不施有机肥处理的番茄产量高,平均每公顷增产5065.5kg,增幅为19.49%。处理ANPK的番茄产量最高,其次是处理BNPK处理,分别达到76732.5 kg.hm-2、60289.5kg.hm-2。施用有机肥的处理产量均高于对应的不施有机肥的处理,而有机肥和氮磷钾配合使用更有利于番茄产量的提高。在不施用有机肥的处理中,处理BN0和BNK的产量显著高于处理BPK、BK,氮肥可以有效提高番茄产量,钾肥在增产作用方面不明显。(6)长期施肥条件下,各处理的番茄品质差异显著,施用有机肥的处理可溶性糖含量要高于不施有机肥的处理,平均提高5.84%；有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施对果实中可溶性糖含量的提高更为显著,试验中ANPK处理达到5.56%,其次是处理BNPK,两者与其它处理比较差异显著。通过本试验可以看出磷钾肥的配施比氮钾肥配施能够有效提高番茄果实中可溶性糖的含量。有机肥和氮磷钾的配施能够较为有效的调节有机酸的含量,处理ANPK有机酸含量最低,其次是处理BNPK。有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施有提高果实糖酸比的功效,处理ANPK的糖酸比最高,其次是BNPK,且两者之间与其它处理比较差异显著,可见通过合理的施肥方式能够显著改善番茄的。各处理维生素C含量差异显著,有机肥配施氮磷钾肥能够有效提高番茄果实维生素C的含量,处理ANPK、BNPK的维生素C含量最高,处理AN0、BN0的维生素C含量最低,且两者与其他处理比较差异显著。ANPK的维生素C含量比AN0高出10.3mg/kg-1, BNPK的维生素C含量比BN0高出5.4mg/kg-1。
[Abstract]:In this paper, 10 potassium-related treatments (Ministry of Organic Fertilizer) were selected based on the long-term fertilization experiment of vegetables established by the Horticulture College of Shenyang Agricultural University in 1988, aiming at the problems of fertilizer utilization rate, soil quality degradation, vegetable yield and quality decline caused by unreasonable fertilization in greenhouse vegetable production. It was divided into five treatments: organic fertilizer AN0, organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer AK, organic fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer ANK, organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer APK, organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer ANPK; no organic fertilizer part of the five treatments: no organic fertilizer BN0, only potassium fertilizer BK, only nitrogen and potassium fertilizer BNK, only phosphorus and potassium BPK, only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer BPK. The effects of long-term fertilization on Soil Potassium profile distribution, tomato yield and quality in greenhouse were studied by field experiment and laboratory analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Under long-term fertilization conditions, potassium content in different soil layers varied significantly. The results showed that the content of available potassium in soil could be greatly increased by applying organic fertilizer. The content of available potassium in soil layer treated with organic fertilizer was 49.99%, 57.42% and 45.90% higher than that without organic fertilizer. The content of available potassium in soils treated with AK was 288.46 mg The organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer had a significant effect on the content of slowly available potassium in tomato soil. Taking flowering stage as an example, the application of organic fertilizer increased the content of slowly available potassium by 286.97 mg kg 1, 139.28 mg kg 1, 184.66 mg kg 1, respectively, compared with the treatment without organic fertilizer. The soil available potassium content of tomato was 186.73 mg 6550 (3) The content of total potassium in tomato soil was also greatly affected by different fertilization treatments. The content of total potassium in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers was significantly different. In these two layers, the content of total potassium in soil was significantly affected by organic fertilizer, but the content of total potassium in tomato soil was decreased by organic fertilizer application, while in 40-60 cm soil layers, the content of total potassium in tomato soil was significantly decreased. The content of total potassium in soil of 0-20cm layer was the highest in the treatment of BK, which indicated that the application of potassium fertilizer had obvious effect on increasing the content of total potassium in soil. (4) Under the condition of long-term fertilization, there were significant differences in K uptake among leaves, stems, roots and fruits of all treatments. The highest K uptake was 2.98% in ANPK treatment, 1.83% in AK treatment, and 3.92% in BNPK treatment, respectively. Among all tomato organs, the K uptake in fruit was much higher than that in other parts, while the K uptake in root was less than that in total, and the K uptake in fruit accounted for 3.72% and 3.71% respectively. In tomato fruit, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 30.2% to 36.6%, in tomato leaves, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%, in tomato stem, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 17.2% to 27.7%, and in tomato root, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%. (5) Under long-term fertilization conditions, the yield of tomatoes was significantly different. The yield of tomatoes treated with increased organic fertilizer was higher than that without organic fertilizer, with an average increase of 5065.5 kg per hectare, an increase of 19.49%. The yield of tomatoes treated with ANPK was the highest, followed by that treated with BNPK, reaching 76732.5 kg.hm-2, 60289, respectively. 5 kg.hm-2. The yield of tomato treated with organic fertilizer was higher than that without organic fertilizer, but the combination of organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was more conducive to the increase of tomato yield. (6) Under the condition of long-term fertilization, the quality of tomato was significantly different, the soluble sugar content of organic fertilizer treatment was higher than that of non-organic fertilizer treatment, the average increase was 5.84%; organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer combined application increased the soluble sugar content of fruit more significantly, the ANPK treatment reached 5.56%, followed by treatment. The results showed that the content of soluble sugar in tomato fruits could be effectively increased by P and K fertilizers in combination with N, P and K fertilizers, and the content of organic acid could be effectively regulated by organic fertilizer and N, P and K fertilizers. The content of organic acid in ANPK treatment was the lowest, followed by BNPK treatment. The sugar-acid ratio of ANPK was the highest, followed by BNPK, and there was a significant difference between ANPK and other treatments. It can be seen that the vitamin C content of tomato could be significantly improved by rational fertilization. The difference of vitamin C content among different treatments was significant, and the organic fertilizer combined with N-P-K fertilizer could effectively improve tomato. The contents of vitamin C in eggplant fruits were the highest in ANPK and BNPK treatments, the lowest in AN0 and BN0 treatments, and there was a significant difference between ANPK and other treatments. The content of vitamin C in ANPK was 10.3 mg/kg-1 higher than that in AN0, and the content of vitamin C in BNPK was 5.4 mg/kg-1 higher than that in BN0.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S158;S641.2

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