减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

发布时间：2018-10-22 16:31

【摘要】：【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为180、120、45 kg/hm~2)为对照,设置减量施肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为96、60、45 kg/hm~2)处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高5.8%。根据Logistics方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加28.5%、17.5%和20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为22.6和 30.2 kg/hm~2,土壤磷盈余分别为80.4和22.8kg/hm~2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高79.2%、69.1%和27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高91.1%、72.7%和68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。
[Abstract]:[objective] the phenomenon of excessive application of chemical fertilizer is common in China, which is not conducive to the protection of ecological environment and sustainable agricultural production. The effects of fertilizer reduction on wheat yield, grain filling and fertilizer utilization efficiency can provide theoretical basis for high efficiency application of chemical fertilizer and zero growth target in China. [methods] two field experiments were carried out in Sichuan Basin. In comparison with normal fertilization (S / P _ 2O _ 5 / K _ 2O = 180 ~ 120 / 45 kg/hm~2) and N _ P _ 2O _ 5 / K _ 2O _ 2 treatment, the yield and composition of wheat, grain filling, dry matter transport after anthesis, chlorophyll content in flag leaf were measured. [results] there was no significant change in wheat yield, ear number and grain number per ear under reduced fertilization compared with conventional fertilization, and the 1000-grain weight of wheat in wheat and maize rotation increased significantly by 5.8%. According to the fitting results of Logistics equation, reduced fertilization significantly increased the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight, gradual growth stage and slow growing stage of wheat, but had no significant effect on other grain filling parameters. Under reduced fertilization, dry matter transport, transport rate and its contribution to grain filling of wheat increased by 28.5% and 20.7%, but chlorophyll content of flag leaf decreased faster after anthesis. The nitrogen surplus of conventional fertilization and reducing fertilization were 22. 6 and 30. 2 kg/hm~2, respectively. The soil phosphorus surplus was 82. 4 and 22. 8 kg 路hm ~ (2) 路hm ~ (-1), respectively. The productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 79.2% and 27.9% compared with that of conventional fertilization, and the partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery rate increased by 91.1% and 68.5% respectively. [conclusion] during the two years of this experiment, Less fertilization can maintain wheat yield, promote dry matter transport and its contribution to grain filling, but accelerate the decline of functional leaves after anthesis. The fertilizer utilization efficiency increased, the soil phosphorus surplus decreased and the soil nitrogen deficit decreased under reduced fertilization. Therefore, it was necessary to continue to optimize the nitrogen reduction on the basis of maintaining wheat yield, soil fertility and nutrient balance.
【作者单位】：西南大学资源环境学院;中国农业大学资源与环境学院;国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(31471944) 中央高校学科团队项目基金(2362015xk06) 中央高校基本业务费专项资金(XDJK2016E156)资助
【分类号】：S158;S512.1

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