耕层重构对连作棉田土壤理化性状及棉花生长发育的影响

发布时间：2018-10-25 13:58

【摘要】：针对黄河流域连作棉田常年旋耕导致犁底层变厚变硬,土壤蓄水保墒能力下降,养分在表层富集,病害加重等问题,探讨土壤耕层重构技术在黄河流域棉区生产上的可行性。试验于2014和2015年在河北省农林科学院棉花研究所威县试验站进行,在连作棉花20年的土壤条件下采用随机区组试验,设置了T1(0~15 cm与15~30 cm土壤互换)、T2(0~20 cm与20~40 cm土壤互换,同时松动40~55 cm土壤)、T3(0~20 cm与20~40 cm土壤互换,同时松动40~70 cm土壤)、CK(旋耕15 cm)4个处理,调查土壤理化性状、棉花生育性状、田间杂草与病衰指数等指标。结果表明,在20~40 cm土层T2处理容重两年较CK分别降低0.13 g cm 3与0.15 g cm 3;20~40 cm土层全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量T2与T3显著高于T1与CK;灌水(雨)后深层土壤蓄水量增加,播种后40~60 cm与60~80 cm土层蓄水量T2较CK 2014年增加3.5 mm、5.5 mm,2015年增加6.7 mm、3.4 mm,在蕾期干旱时0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层蓄水量T2较CK 2014年高6.6 mm、8.7 mm,2015年高4.2 mm、9.2 mm。耕层重构后棉花根系量显著增加,地上部干物质积累表现出开花期前低、开花期后高的趋势;耕层重构处理单株铃数、单铃重、皮棉产量较对照显著提高,T2皮棉产量两年较CK分别增加6.1%、10.2%。耕层重构对灭除田间杂草具有明显效果,T2处理病衰指数两年分别降低41.7与31.9个百分点。适宜的土壤耕层重构方式(T2)是解决连作棉田问题、提高棉花产量的有效措施。
[Abstract]:In view of the problems such as perennial rotary tillage in continuous cropping cotton field in the Yellow River basin, which results in thickening and hardening of plough bottom, the decrease of soil water storage and moisture conservation capacity, the enrichment of nutrients in the surface layer and the aggravation of diseases, the feasibility of soil tillage layer reconstruction technique in cotton production of Yellow River basin is discussed. The experiment was carried out in Weixian Experimental Station of Cotton Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in 2014 and 2015. Under the soil condition of 20 years of continuous cropping of cotton, a randomized block experiment was carried out, and T1 (0 ~ 15 cm and 1530 cm soil exchange) and T2 (0 ~ 20 cm and 20 ~ 40 cm soil exchange) were set up. Four treatments, T _ 3 (0 ~ (20) cm and 20 ~ (40) cm) and), CK (rotation tillage (15 cm), were used to investigate soil physical and chemical properties, cotton growth and growth, field weed and disease and senescence index. The results showed that compared with CK, the bulk density of T2 treatment decreased by 0.13 g cm ~ (3) and 0.15 g cm ~ (3) ~ 20 ~ (20) cm for two years, respectively. The contents of available phosphorus, available K and T _ 2 and T _ 3 were significantly higher than those of T _ (1) and CK; irrigation (rain), and the water storage of deep soil was increased after irrigation (rain) with T _ (1) and CK;. After sowing, the soil water storage in the soil layer of 40 ~ 60 cm and 60 ~ (80) cm after sowing is 3. 5 mm,5.5 mm, higher than that of CK 2014. 6. 7 mm,3.4 mm, 6. 6 cm and 20 ~ 40 cm during bud drought, 6. 6 mm,8.7 mm, 4. 2 mm,9.2 mm. higher in 2015 than in CK 2014. After tillage layer reconstruction, the cotton root system increased significantly, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part showed the trend of low before flowering period and high after flowering stage, the number of bolls per plant and boll weight per plant were treated by tillage layer reconstruction treatment. The lint yield was significantly higher than that of the control, and the yield of T2 lint cotton increased by 6.1% and 10.2%, respectively, compared with CK in two years. The tillage layer reconstruction had obvious effect on weed control in the field. The disease and senescence index of T2 treatment decreased by 41.7 percentage points and 31.9 percentage points respectively in two years. The suitable way of soil tillage layer reconstruction (T2) is an effective measure to solve the problem of continuous cropping cotton field and to increase cotton yield.
【作者单位】：河北省农林科学院棉花研究所/农业部黄淮海半干旱区棉花生物学与遗传育种重点实验室;
【基金】：国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD05B00)资助~~
【分类号】：S153;S562

【相似文献】