典型黑土区土壤侵蚀对土壤质量和玉米产量的影响研究
发布时间：2018-11-02 06:47
【摘要】：黑土区的土壤侵蚀导致黑土质量下降和作物减产,严重威胁国家粮食安全。因此,研究黑土区土壤侵蚀对土壤质量和作物产量的影响,为针对性的开展黑土资源保护提供重要科学依据,也对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本论文以典型黑土区黑龙江省哈尔滨市宾县东山沟流域为研究区,采用野外调查、室内分析、核素示踪和GIS技术相结合的研究方法,研究了流域土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,分析了流域土壤质量主要指标特征,基于指标全集和最小数据集指标评价了流域土壤质量,剖析了土壤侵蚀对土壤质量的影响,构建了土壤侵蚀和土壤质量对玉米产量影响的经验模型。主要研究结论如下:(1)分析了黑土区流域土壤侵蚀—沉积空间分布特征。流域土壤侵蚀-沉积速率介于-7122.25~5471.70 t km-2 yr-1之间,平均值是-830.10 t km-2 yr-1,表明流域以侵蚀为主。在流域尺度,侵蚀和沉积呈交错分布,流域上游以侵蚀为主,流域中游侵蚀与沉积并存,而下游地区主要发生沉积。在坡面尺度,坡中部侵蚀最严重,坡上部侵蚀较弱,而坡脚主要表现为沉积。流域侵蚀速率与坡度、坡长均呈极显著的幂函数关系,而坡度对侵蚀的影响大于坡长。(2)阐明了流域土壤质量指标特征及其对侵蚀-沉积的响应。分析的15个包含土壤物理学、化学和微生物学的土壤质量指标特征及空间分布特征,不同土壤质量主要指标空间分布趋势不同。流域土壤质量空间分布与流域侵蚀—沉积空间分布呈相反趋势;土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶微生物量氮受土壤侵蚀影响显著,说明土壤侵蚀是影响土壤养分、酶活性和微生物量的重要因素。(3)评价了流域土壤质量水平。基于相关分析和主成分分析,选取15个土壤质量主要指标作为指标全集,筛选出7个土壤指标(黑土层厚度、土壤团聚体平均重量直径、有机质、全氮、p H、碱性磷酸酶、微生物生物量氮)作为评价土壤质量最小数据集指标。基于指标全集估算的流域和坡面土壤质量综合指数平均值分别为0.419和0.471。基于最小数据集评估流域和坡面土壤质量综合指数平均值皆为0.453,说明筛选的土壤质量评价最小数据集指标具有很好的代表性。两种评价结果均表明流域土壤质量以低等水平和较低水平为主,说明研究流域土壤质量退化严重。土壤质量在流域空间分布表现为:下游中游上游,在坡面分布表现为:坡下部坡上部坡中部。(4)研究了流域2009-2013年玉米产量特征及其空间分布。流域玉米产量在年内和年间变化均存在差异。整个流域玉米产量表现为:下游中游上游。坡面玉米产量最大值分布在坡下部,最小值分布在坡中部。基于土壤质量指标全集(TDS)和最小数据集(MDS)评价的土壤质量综合指数均与玉米产量关系较好,但以最小数据集评价的土壤质量综合指数与玉米产量的关系更好,再次表明构建的评价流域土壤质量的最小数据集指标有较好适宜性。(5)剖析了土壤侵蚀和土壤质量对玉米产量的影响。流域和坡面两个尺度上玉米产量空间分布与土壤质量相对应,而其与土壤侵蚀空间分布呈相反趋势。流域玉米产量与土壤侵蚀速率呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤沉积速率关系不显著;建立了土壤质量与玉米产量的关系模型,且模型有效性较好。构建了玉米产量与土壤侵蚀速率和土壤质量综合指数的关系模型。
[Abstract]:Soil erosion in black soil area leads to the decline of black soil quality and crop production, which seriously threatens national food security. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of soil erosion on soil quality and crop yield in black soil area. Based on the research method of field investigation, indoor analysis, isotope tracing and GIS technology, this paper studies the spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion in watershed, and analyzes the characteristics of main indexes of soil quality in watershed. Based on the index and minimum data set index, the soil quality of watershed was evaluated, the influence of soil erosion on soil quality was analyzed, and an empirical model of soil erosion and soil quality on maize yield was constructed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The spatial distribution of soil erosion in black soil area is analyzed. The rate of soil erosion-deposition is between -7122. 25-547t km-2yr-1, and the average value is-830. 10t km-2yr-1, indicating that the basin is mainly eroded. In the basin scale, erosion and sedimentation are distributed in a staggered way, the upper reaches of the basin is mainly eroded, and the erosion and deposition of the middle reaches of the basin coexist, while the downstream area mainly occurs. On the slope surface scale, the erosion in the middle of the slope is the most serious, the upper erosion of the slope is weak, and the slope foot is mainly characterized by the deposition. The erosion rate, slope and slope length of river basin are very significant, and the effect of slope on erosion is larger than that of slope. (2) Clarified the characteristics of soil quality index and its response to erosion-sedimentation. The characteristics of soil quality indexes and spatial distribution characteristics of 15 soil physics, chemistry and microbiology were analyzed, and the spatial distribution trends of different soil qualities were different. The spatial distribution of soil mass in the watershed is opposite to the distribution of sediment spatial distribution in watershed erosion. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali solution nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase micro-microbial biomass nitrogen are affected by soil erosion, which indicates that soil erosion is the soil nutrient. Enzyme activity and microbial biomass are important factors. (3) The quality level of soil in the watershed was evaluated. Based on the correlation analysis and principal component analysis, 15 soil quality indexes were selected as indicators to select seven soil indexes (black soil layer thickness, average weight diameter of soil aggregate, organic matter, total nitrogen, p H, alkaline phosphatase, Microbial biomass nitrogen) was used as the minimum data set index for evaluating soil quality. The average mean value of soil mass index of watershed and slope was 0. 419 and 0. 471, respectively. Based on the minimum data set, the mean value of the soil quality index of the watershed and slope surface is 0. 453, which shows that the minimum data set index of the screened soil quality has a good representativeness. Both evaluation results show that the soil quality of the river basin is lower and lower, which indicates that the quality of soil in the study basin is seriously degraded. The spatial distribution of the soil in the basin is located in the middle reaches of the upper slope of the lower slope of the slope. (4) The characteristics of maize yield and spatial distribution in 2009-2013 were studied. There was a difference in the yield of maize in the watershed between the year and the year. The yield of maize in the whole river basin is as follows: upstream of the middle reaches of the downstream. The maximum distribution of maize yield at the slope surface is at the lower part of the slope, and the minimum value is distributed in the middle of the slope. The soil quality comprehensive index evaluated based on the soil quality index (TDS) and the minimum data set (MDS) was better than that of maize, but the comprehensive index of soil quality evaluated with the minimum data set was better than that of maize yield. It is shown that the minimum data set index of soil quality in evaluating river basin is good suitability. (5) The effects of soil erosion and soil quality on maize yield were analyzed. The spatial distribution of maize yield on the two scales of watershed and slope is corresponding to soil quality, but it is opposite to the spatial distribution of soil erosion. The relationship between the yield of maize and the rate of soil erosion was negatively correlated with the rate of soil deposition, and the relationship between soil quality and maize yield was established, and the model was good. The relationship model of maize yield and soil erosion rate and soil quality comprehensive index was established.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S157;S513
，
本文编号：2305237
[Abstract]:Soil erosion in black soil area leads to the decline of black soil quality and crop production, which seriously threatens national food security. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of soil erosion on soil quality and crop yield in black soil area. Based on the research method of field investigation, indoor analysis, isotope tracing and GIS technology, this paper studies the spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion in watershed, and analyzes the characteristics of main indexes of soil quality in watershed. Based on the index and minimum data set index, the soil quality of watershed was evaluated, the influence of soil erosion on soil quality was analyzed, and an empirical model of soil erosion and soil quality on maize yield was constructed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The spatial distribution of soil erosion in black soil area is analyzed. The rate of soil erosion-deposition is between -7122. 25-547t km-2yr-1, and the average value is-830. 10t km-2yr-1, indicating that the basin is mainly eroded. In the basin scale, erosion and sedimentation are distributed in a staggered way, the upper reaches of the basin is mainly eroded, and the erosion and deposition of the middle reaches of the basin coexist, while the downstream area mainly occurs. On the slope surface scale, the erosion in the middle of the slope is the most serious, the upper erosion of the slope is weak, and the slope foot is mainly characterized by the deposition. The erosion rate, slope and slope length of river basin are very significant, and the effect of slope on erosion is larger than that of slope. (2) Clarified the characteristics of soil quality index and its response to erosion-sedimentation. The characteristics of soil quality indexes and spatial distribution characteristics of 15 soil physics, chemistry and microbiology were analyzed, and the spatial distribution trends of different soil qualities were different. The spatial distribution of soil mass in the watershed is opposite to the distribution of sediment spatial distribution in watershed erosion. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali solution nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase micro-microbial biomass nitrogen are affected by soil erosion, which indicates that soil erosion is the soil nutrient. Enzyme activity and microbial biomass are important factors. (3) The quality level of soil in the watershed was evaluated. Based on the correlation analysis and principal component analysis, 15 soil quality indexes were selected as indicators to select seven soil indexes (black soil layer thickness, average weight diameter of soil aggregate, organic matter, total nitrogen, p H, alkaline phosphatase, Microbial biomass nitrogen) was used as the minimum data set index for evaluating soil quality. The average mean value of soil mass index of watershed and slope was 0. 419 and 0. 471, respectively. Based on the minimum data set, the mean value of the soil quality index of the watershed and slope surface is 0. 453, which shows that the minimum data set index of the screened soil quality has a good representativeness. Both evaluation results show that the soil quality of the river basin is lower and lower, which indicates that the quality of soil in the study basin is seriously degraded. The spatial distribution of the soil in the basin is located in the middle reaches of the upper slope of the lower slope of the slope. (4) The characteristics of maize yield and spatial distribution in 2009-2013 were studied. There was a difference in the yield of maize in the watershed between the year and the year. The yield of maize in the whole river basin is as follows: upstream of the middle reaches of the downstream. The maximum distribution of maize yield at the slope surface is at the lower part of the slope, and the minimum value is distributed in the middle of the slope. The soil quality comprehensive index evaluated based on the soil quality index (TDS) and the minimum data set (MDS) was better than that of maize, but the comprehensive index of soil quality evaluated with the minimum data set was better than that of maize yield. It is shown that the minimum data set index of soil quality in evaluating river basin is good suitability. (5) The effects of soil erosion and soil quality on maize yield were analyzed. The spatial distribution of maize yield on the two scales of watershed and slope is corresponding to soil quality, but it is opposite to the spatial distribution of soil erosion. The relationship between the yield of maize and the rate of soil erosion was negatively correlated with the rate of soil deposition, and the relationship between soil quality and maize yield was established, and the model was good. The relationship model of maize yield and soil erosion rate and soil quality comprehensive index was established.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S157;S513
，
本文编号：2305237
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