不同施磷策略对磷在土壤中移动、转化及磷肥利用率的影响

发布时间：2018-11-22 16:18

【摘要】：【目的】我国磷肥利用率普遍偏低,研究磷素资源高效利用具有重要意义。本文通过对磷酸二氢铵(MAP)、液体磷酸(PA)及多聚磷酸(PPA)三种不同磷源类型及追施和基施的两种不同施肥模式对磷在石灰性土壤上的迁移、转化机理进行研究,并通过其对小麦/玉米的磷素营养水平及磷肥利用率的影响,旨在为磷素资源在新疆干旱区滴灌农田高效利用提供理论支撑和技术参考。【方法】1.在模拟滴灌条件下采用土柱试验,研究三种磷源及两种施用方式对土壤磷的迁移及有效性的影响。2.采取室内模拟转化及网室盆栽两项试验,并应用Guppy无机磷连续浸提分级方法,研究不同磷源及不同施肥方式对磷素在土壤中的转化动态及土壤无机磷库分布特征的影响。3.在模拟滴灌方式下采用网室盆栽试验,种植小麦/玉米两茬作物研究两种施肥方式下磷的生物学效应、磷肥利用率及地上作物对土壤有效磷的响应。【结果】1.在土柱试验中得出,多聚磷酸肥料相对于正磷酸盐肥料显著提高了磷在土壤剖面垂直方向上移动性。基施条件下,PPA、MAP和PA肥料在土壤中的平均垂直移动距离为81.5 mm、61.0mm及45.0 mm。PPA肥料较MAP和PA肥料在土壤中的平均垂直移动距离分别提高了33.6%、81.1%。三种肥料在壤土中做追施处理比基施处理使磷在土壤中的平均垂直移动距离提高了21.2%。2.PPA肥料相对于MAP、PA肥料,能显著提高土壤中有效态磷,降低向无效态磷的转化,减少磷在土壤中的固定。施入多聚磷酸肥料后,其有效态磷含量(Resin-P和Na HCO3-P之和)分别比MAP和PA肥料平均提高了50.0%和146%,难溶性磷形态(HCl-P与Residue-P之和)分别比MAP和PA平均降低了37.9%和26.1%。磷肥追施处理较基施处理分别平均提高了Resin-P和Na HCO3-P含量127%和60.4%,追施较基施处理降低磷在土壤中向难溶态磷的转化过程,使土壤有效性提高。3.土壤高温灭菌后改变土壤某些物理化学性质,提高活性磷分级Resin-P和Na HCO3-P含量,降低难溶态磷分级的比例,从而减少磷的固定。4.在滴灌条件下,磷肥追施较磷肥基施可改善小麦/玉米的磷素营养,磷肥追施处理比基施处理在正常土壤上分别提高玉米茎、叶生物量11.9%和17.3%,提高玉米茎、叶吸磷量26.8%、37.1%。追施处理下小麦、玉米的磷肥利用率分别在两种土壤上比基施处理平均提高了100%、48.8%。说明水肥一体化随水分次滴施磷肥能显著提高磷素养分的高效利用程度。【结论】1.施入多聚磷酸肥料可提高磷在土壤中的移动性,提高土壤活性磷的含量,而降低其向无效态磷的转化,从而减少固定,改善土壤有效磷素供应水平。2.磷肥分次追施相对于基施模式可显著提高磷在土壤中的垂直迁移深度,提高土壤中活性磷的比例,降低无效态磷的含量。3.通过水肥一体化随水分次滴施磷肥可明显促进作物对磷素的吸收,提高作物生物量及磷肥利用率。
[Abstract]:[objective] the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer is generally low in China, so it is of great significance to study the efficient utilization of phosphorus resources. In this paper, the transport and transformation mechanism of phosphorus in calcareous soil were studied by using three different phosphorus source types, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (MAP),) liquid phosphate (PA) and polyphosphate (PPA), and two different fertilization modes of topdressing and basal application. Through its effect on phosphorus nutrition level and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat / maize, the purpose of this study was to provide theoretical support and technical reference for the efficient utilization of phosphorus resources in drip irrigation farmland in Xinjiang arid region. [methods] 1. The effects of three phosphorus sources and two application methods on the transport and availability of soil phosphorus were studied by soil column test under simulated drip irrigation. 2. The effects of different phosphorus sources and fertilization methods on the transformation dynamics of phosphorus in soil and the distribution characteristics of inorganic phosphorus pool in soil were studied by means of simulated transformation in laboratory and pot culture in the net room, and the method of continuous extraction and classification of inorganic phosphorus with Guppy was used to study the effects of different phosphorus sources and different fertilization methods on the transformation dynamics of phosphorus in soil and the distribution of inorganic phosphorus pool in soil. A pot experiment was conducted to study the biological effects of phosphorus, phosphorus utilization efficiency and the response of aboveground crops to soil available phosphorus under simulated drip irrigation. [results] 1. In the soil column experiment, it was found that polyphosphate fertilizer significantly improved the vertical movement of phosphorus in soil profile compared with orthophosphate fertilizer. The average vertical moving distance of PPA,MAP and PA fertilizer in soil was 81.5 mm,61.0mm and 45.0 mm.PPA, respectively, which was 33.6% higher than that of MAP and PA fertilizer. 81.1. The average vertical movement distance of phosphorus in loam was increased by applying three kinds of fertilizers in loam, and the available phosphorus in soil was significantly increased by 21.2%.2.PPA fertilizer compared with MAP,PA fertilizer. The conversion to ineffective phosphorus was reduced, and the fixation of phosphorus in soil was reduced. The available phosphorus content (Resin-P and Na HCO3-P sum) increased by 50.0% and 1466%, respectively, compared with that of MAP and PA fertilizers. The insoluble phosphorus species (sum of HCl-P and Residue-P) decreased by 37.9% and 26.1%, respectively, compared with MAP and PA. The content of Resin-P and Na HCO3-P in topdressing treatment increased by 127% and 60.4%, respectively. Topdressing decreased the conversion process of phosphorus to insoluble phosphorus in soil and improved soil availability. After high temperature sterilization, some physical and chemical properties of soil were changed, the contents of Resin-P and Na HCO3-P were increased, the proportion of insoluble phosphorus was reduced, and the fixation of phosphorus was reduced. Under the condition of drip irrigation, the phosphorus fertilizer topdressing could improve the phosphorus nutrition of wheat / maize compared with that of the base fertilizer, and the topdressing treatment could increase the maize stem, leaf biomass and maize stem in normal soil by 11.9% and 17.3%, respectively, and increase the maize stem. The amount of phosphorus absorbed by leaves is 26.8cm. The P fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat and corn under topdressing treatment was 100% higher than that of basal treatment in two soils respectively. The results showed that the combination of water and fertilizer could significantly increase the efficiency of phosphorus use with the drip of water. [conclusion] 1. The application of polyphosphate fertilizer can improve the mobility of phosphorus in soil, increase the content of active phosphorus in soil, and reduce the conversion to ineffective phosphorus, thus reducing fixation and improving the level of available phosphorus supply in soil. 2. Compared with the basal application model, P fertilizer application increased the vertical migration depth of phosphorus, increased the proportion of active phosphorus in soil, and reduced the content of ineffective phosphorus. The application of phosphorus fertilizer with water and fertilizer integration can obviously promote the absorption of phosphorus by crops and increase crop biomass and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency.
【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S143.2

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