基于三维激光扫描技术的广州市水土流失敏感性分析与应急监测技术应用

发布时间：2018-12-20 12:08

【摘要】：三维激光扫描技术是激光测量方面的一种新技术,即该技术近年来得到了十分迅速的进步。通过利用发射和接收脉冲式激光是其基本的原理,该系统所得到的待测实体的彩色三维立体模型或景观依靠大量点云的方式展现出来。由于该技术在获取地物表明的三维空间坐标的过程中具有高速度性、高精度性、高密度性,并且不需要接触待测实体,所以,目前三维激光扫描技术已逐步被应用于水土流失监测之中。广州市作为珠三角城市群的核心区域,同时也是我国经济发展水平高的的前沿地区。因此,高度的城市化,致使城镇的建设、采石取土、修路等因素引起的水土流失有着流失量大、流失面广的特征。而这些对生态、人居环境造成了较大的的负面影响。而目前广州市水土流失应急监测仍处于起步阶段,基于传统的设备和技术的监测现状多年来并没有根本的改观。因此,开展基于三维激光扫描的水土流失监测应用对维护和改善广州市生态环境具有重要的意义。本文首先对三维激光扫描技术的软件、硬件组成、其相关的基本原理、其可应用的领域和相关数据处理方法进行介绍,接着对广州市的水土流失灾害类型、成因做出总结,并在此基础上分析了容易发生灾害的敏感区域。随后使用三维激光扫描技术,在室内模拟了不同诱发因素下水土流失的情况。同时对数据要进行相关的处理,即通过对点云数据进行相关处理,计算特定扫描区域某参考面的水土流失量,并与真实流失量进行精度验证,对三维激光扫描技术在水土流失应急监测中到可行性和有效性做出分析和评价。在野外实际运用中,分别针对采石取土区域、房地产开发区域、道路建设区域做了实地应急监测应用。最后结合前文的数据及案例,设计了基于三维激光扫描技术的水土流失灾害应急监测预案。
[Abstract]:Three-dimensional laser scanning is a new technique in laser measurement, that is, it has made rapid progress in recent years. The basic principle of the system is to transmit and receive pulse laser. The color three-dimensional model of the object to be tested or the landscape can be displayed by a large number of point clouds. Because the technology has high speed, high precision, high density and no need to contact the object to be tested in the process of obtaining the 3D coordinate indicated by the ground object. At present, three-dimensional laser scanning technology has been gradually applied to soil erosion monitoring. As the core area of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, Guangzhou is also a frontier area with high economic development level in China. Therefore, because of the high urbanization, the soil erosion caused by the construction of cities and towns, the extraction of stone and the construction of roads have the characteristics of large amount of loss and wide range of loss. But these to the ecology, the human settlement environment has caused the bigger negative influence. At present, the emergency monitoring of soil erosion in Guangzhou is still in its infancy, and the monitoring situation based on traditional equipment and technology has not changed fundamentally for many years. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop the application of soil erosion monitoring based on 3D laser scanning for the maintenance and improvement of ecological environment in Guangzhou. In this paper, the software and hardware components of 3D laser scanning technology, its basic principles, the applicable fields and relevant data processing methods are introduced, and then the types and causes of soil and water loss disasters in Guangzhou are summarized. On this basis, the sensitive areas prone to disasters are analyzed. Then, the three-dimensional laser scanning technique was used to simulate the soil and water loss under different induced factors in the laboratory. At the same time, the relevant data should be processed, that is, through the point cloud data correlation processing, the soil and water loss of a certain reference plane in a specific scanning area is calculated, and the accuracy of the loss is verified with the true loss. The feasibility and effectiveness of 3D laser scanning in soil erosion emergency monitoring are analyzed and evaluated. In the field application, the field emergency monitoring is carried out for the quarrying area, the real estate development area and the road construction area. Finally, based on the above data and cases, the emergency monitoring plan of soil and water loss disaster is designed based on 3D laser scanning technology.
【学位授予单位】：广州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S157

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