不同水土保持措施对黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀及肥力的影响

发布时间：2019-01-27 09:18

【摘要】：针对典型黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀严重这一现象,本研究依托克山县长期定位观测站,采用径流小区法,重点研究不同坡度(3、5、8度)和同一坡度(3度)下各种水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀和土壤肥力的影响,旨在探明典型黑土区坡耕地最佳水土保持措施,为我国坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究提供理论基础和技术支撑。本研究结果如下:根据克山县32年历史气象数据资料划分的降雨年型区间,2014年为中等年型,选取降雨比较集中的6-10月为研究区间,结果表明:全年有效降雨(产生地表径流的降雨)次数为21次,有效降雨与3度顺坡垄作和5度顺坡垄作产生径流量的相关系数分别为0.653和0.692,而与3度横坡垄作和5度地埂植物带产生的径流量相关性较弱,相关系数分别为0.101和0.125。对比同坡度顺坡垄作,3度横坡垄作和5度地梗植物带年径流量分别减少94.3%和93.3%,侵蚀模数分别降低99.9%和99.8%。土壤侵蚀随坡度的增加而加剧,8度和5度顺坡垄作较3度顺坡垄作累计径流量分别增加5.8%、8.1%,累计侵蚀量分别是其1.9倍和1.8倍、年径流量分别增加7.1%和2.6%、侵蚀模数分别增加48.5%和44.7%。不同坡度水土保持措施显著提升土壤肥力及作物产量。结果表明,3度横坡垄作、5度地埂植物带与同坡度顺坡垄作相比,土壤含水量、最大持水量显著增加,土壤容重显著降低。WSA0.25mm水稳性土壤团聚体百分含量分别增加9.8%和14.89%,不同坡度(3、5、8度)处理间,随着坡度增加,持水性减弱、容重增大。3度横坡垄作和5度地埂植物带与同坡度顺坡垄作相比土壤碱解氮含量分别增加26.7%和45.9%,速效磷含量分别增加4.8%和31.9%,速效钾含量分别增加32.3%和8.2%,有机碳含量分别增加18.2%和38.8%。土壤速效磷、全氮、有机碳与坡度呈负相关。与顺坡垄作相比,3度横坡垄作和5度地埂植物带大豆产量分别由2390.7kg/hm2增加到2426.1kg/hm2和2571.8 kg/hm2增加到2726.3kg/hm2。同一坡度(3度坡)各水土保持措施显著提升土壤肥力及作物产量。结果表明:各水土保持措施与顺坡垄作相比土壤容重均减小,幅度为0.78%~9.38%,土壤持水性均增强,垄向区田土壤持水量由33.6%增加到44.3%,增幅最大,且各水土保持措施均增加土壤养分,横坡垄作处理土壤碱解氮含量由108.6mg/kg增加到144.4mg/kg、土壤速效磷含量由14.7 mg/kg增加到33.6 mg/kg,增幅最大,横坡生物篱速效钾含量由205.1 mg/kg增加到211.1 mg/kg,增幅最大。与顺坡垄作相比,四种措施均有不同程度增产,增产幅度为0.1%~14.1%,横坡垄作处理玉米产量由9478.7kg/hm2增加到10818.4kg/hm2,增产达到14.1%。各水土保持措施中,3度坡选取横坡垄作措施能有效减弱土壤侵蚀程度、提升土壤肥力、增加作物产量,在此基础上种植玉米较种植大豆产量增幅更显著。5度坡选用地梗植物带措施在降低土壤侵蚀作用、提升土壤肥力、增加作物产量方面效果更明显。
[Abstract]:In view of the serious soil erosion of sloping farmland in typical black soil area, this study focused on the study of different slope degrees (3 ~ 5) by using runoff plot method in long-term positioning observation station in Keshan County. The effects of various soil and water conservation measures on soil erosion and soil fertility under the same slope (8 degrees) and the same slope (3 degrees) in order to find out the best soil and water conservation measures for sloping farmland in typical black soil areas, It provides theoretical basis and technical support for the study of soil erosion on sloping farmland in China. The results of this study are as follows: according to the historical meteorological data of 32 years in Keshan County, the annual rainfall pattern interval is divided, and the middle type is in 2014, and the period of June to October, where the rainfall is relatively concentrated, is selected as the study interval. The results showed that the number of effective rainfall (rainfall from surface runoff) was 21, the correlation coefficient between effective rainfall and runoff produced by 3 degree ridge cropping and 5 degree ridge cropping were 0.653 and 0.692, respectively. However, the correlation between the runoff and the runoff produced by the ridge cropping of 3 degrees and the ridge of 5 degrees was weak, the correlation coefficient was 0.101 and 0.125, respectively. Compared with the ridge cropping with the same slope, the annual runoff decreased by 94.3% and 93.3%, and the erosion modulus by 99.9% and 99.8%, respectively. Soil erosion increased with the increase of slope, the cumulative runoff of 8 and 5 degree ridge was 5.88.1and the cumulative erosion was 1.9 times and 1.8 times than that of third degree ridge respectively. The annual runoff increased by 7.1% and 2.6%, and the erosion modulus increased by 48.5% and 44.7% respectively. Soil and water conservation measures with different slopes significantly improved soil fertility and crop yield. The results showed that the soil water content and maximum water holding capacity increased significantly in 3 degree cross slope ridge cropping and 5 degree ridge planting compared with the same slope along slope ridge cropping. The percentage content of WSA0.25mm water stable soil aggregate increased by 9.8% and 14.89%, respectively, and the water holding capacity decreased with the increase of slope. The soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content increased by 26.7% and 45.9%, and the available phosphorus content increased by 4.8% and 31.9%, respectively. The content of available potassium and organic carbon increased by 32.3% and 8.2%, respectively, and the content of organic carbon increased by 18.2% and 38.8%, respectively. Soil available phosphorus, total nitrogen and organic carbon were negatively correlated with slope. Compared with the ridge cropping, the soybean yield increased from 2390.7kg/hm2 to 2426.1kg/hm2 and 2571.8 kg/hm2 to 2726.3 kg / hm ~ (2) in the third horizontal ridge and 5 degree ridge cultivation, respectively. The soybean yield increased from 2390.7kg/hm2 to 2426.1kg/hm2 and 2571.8 kg/hm2 to 2726.3 kg 路hm ~ (2) 路hm ~ (2). Soil and water conservation measures of the same slope (3 degrees slope) significantly improved soil fertility and crop yield. The results showed that the soil bulk density of all soil and water conservation measures decreased, the range was 0.78 and 9.38, the soil water holding capacity increased, and the soil water holding capacity increased from 33.6% to 44.3%. The soil nutrient was increased by soil and water conservation measures. The content of soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen increased from 108.6mg/kg to 144.4 mg / kg, and the content of available phosphorus increased from 14.7 mg/kg to 33.6 mg/kg,. The content of available potassium increased from 205.1 mg/kg to 211.1 mg/kg,. Compared with down-slope ridge cropping, the four measures increased the yield of maize by 0.1 ~ 14.1kg. the yield of maize increased from 9478.7kg/hm2 to 10818.4 kg / hm ~ 2, and increased to 14.1kg 路hm ~ (2). Among the soil and water conservation measures, 3 degree slope selection of horizontal slope ridge cultivation measures can effectively reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. On this basis, the increase of maize yield was more significant than that of soybean yield, and the effect of using plant belt on 5 degree slope to reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility and increase crop yield was more obvious.
【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S157

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