黑龙江省东部林区耕作生态系统土壤微生物群落结构研究

发布时间：2019-02-12 18:43

【摘要】：本文以黑龙江省塔河、带岭和帽儿山作为纬度地带性代表样地,研究了四种不同施肥处理(施加有机肥、施加无机肥、有机肥配施无机肥和田间林地)下,土壤中速效磷、速效钾、全氮、有机质、pH值等理化因子和过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、中性磷酸酶等土壤酶活性的空间分布及规律,并通过解析耕作土壤中微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)群落结构,得到了耕作生态系统中土壤微生物的纬度地带性特征,分析了微生物与理化因子之间的相互关系,讨论了不同施肥处理方式对理化性质、土壤酶活性及微生物群落多样性的影响。本研究通过对黑龙江省不同纬度耕作土壤的研究,可为今后研究该区域耕作生态系统的营养元素循环、动植物残体降解、病虫危害及土壤各指标等提供评价该系统可持续性发展的理论参数。主要研究结果如下:(1)对黑龙江省东部林区塔河、带岭及帽儿山的耕作土壤进行了7项理化指标的测定,通过对这7项理化性质描述性特征的分析,总结出不同施肥处理方式下土壤理化性质的特征,结果表明:耕作土壤速效钾(AK)、全磷(TP)和有机质(OM)含量随纬度降低而降低,塔河地区最高,其次依次为带岭、帽儿山;全氮(TN)和pH值则随纬度降低而升高,依次为帽儿山、带岭、塔河;速效磷和含水量的变化趋势相同,均为带岭塔河帽儿山。(2)对黑龙江省东部林区耕作生态系统进行土壤酶活性分析,结果表明:塔河、带岭、帽儿山土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶随着纬度的降低而降低,过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶活性呈先降低后升高的趋势,纤维素酶活性则呈先升高后降低的趋势。(3)塔河、带岭、帽儿山耕作土壤中的微生物,采用稀释涂布平板法进行计数、分离纯化,并将所得细菌进行形态学鉴定及生理生化实验,根据《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》第八版进行鉴定,对所得真菌和放线菌进行插片观察,结果表明:各采样点土壤微生物数量总体趋势为:细菌放线菌真菌,其中有机肥、有机肥配施无机肥处理土壤三大微生物数量均明显高于田间林地,而无机肥处理土壤中,除真菌数量较田间林地高以外,细菌数量和放线菌数量均低于田间林地。塔河、带岭和帽儿山样地分别分离得到细菌:57株、43株、63株;真菌:27株、28株、22株;放线菌:27株、31株、52株。得到的163株细菌分属于29个菌属,77株真菌分属于23个菌属,110株放线菌分属于16个菌属;固氮菌属(Azatobacter)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是各样地共有细菌菌属且均为各样地的优势菌属;帚霉属(Scopulariopsis)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、脉孢菌属(Neurospora)、头孢霉属(Cephalosporium)、短梗霉属(Aureobasidium)和青霉属(Penicillium)为各样地的共有真菌菌属且青霉属(Penicillium)为各样地的优势菌属;各地区耕作土壤中放线菌种类差异较小;各样地中存在各自特有菌属,表现出环境异质性对微生物种类与分布的影响。(4)对塔河、带岭、帽儿山微生物群落结构进行多样性分析,结果表明:黑龙江省东部林区的三个采样点多样性总体趋势为,多样性指数:帽儿山塔河带岭,均匀度指数:带岭帽儿山塔河,丰富度指数:帽儿山带岭塔河,且有机肥配施无机肥处理样地各多样性指数高于其他处理。(5)对各样地耕作土壤微生物群落与速效钾(AK)、全磷(TP)、全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)、有机质(OM)、pH、含水量(MC)等理化指标进行典型对应分析(CCA)。结果表明:全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)是影响耕作土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子,各样地施肥处理土壤微生物群落结构差异较大,且与田间林地之间的相似性较低。
[Abstract]:In this paper, four different fertilization treatments (application of organic fertilizer, application of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer and field forest land), quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, total nitrogen and organic matter in the soil were studied with the representative samples of the tahe, the belt and the Maoershan in Heilongjiang Province as the latitude geodesic. the spatial distribution and the law of the activity of the soil enzymes such as the physical and chemical factors such as the pH value and the catalase, the yeast enzyme, the sucrose enzyme, the cellulase, the neutral phosphatase and the like, and the community structure of the microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) in the cultivated soil are analyzed, The relationship between the microbial and the physical and chemical factors was analyzed, and the effects of different fertilization treatments on the physical and chemical properties, the activity of the soil and the diversity of the microbial community were discussed. The research on the soil of different latitude in Heilongjiang province can provide the theoretical parameters for evaluating the sustainable development of the system for the future research on the nutrient elements circulation, the degradation of the animal and plant residues, the damage of the disease and the soil, and so on. The main research results are as follows: (1) The soil physical and chemical properties of the soil of Tahe, the belt and the Maoershan in the eastern forest region of Heilongjiang Province are measured, and the characteristics of the physical and chemical properties of the soil under different fertilization treatments are summarized by the analysis of the descriptive characteristics of the seven physical and chemical properties. The results showed that the content of quick-acting potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP) and organic matter (OM) in the cultivated soil decreased with the latitude, and the highest in the Tahe area, followed by the belt ridge and the Maoershan. The total nitrogen (TN) and the pH value were increased with the decrease of the latitude. The variation trend of quick-acting phosphorus and water content is the same as that of the Maoershan, the Tahe River. (2) The soil enzyme activity of the farming ecosystem in the eastern forest area of Heilongjiang province was analyzed. The results showed that the activity of the catalase and the sucrose in the Tahe, the belt and the Maoershan soil decreased with the decrease of the latitude, and the activity of the catalase and the neutral phosphatase decreased firstly, The activity of cellulase was first raised and then decreased. (3) the microorganisms in the soil of the Tahe, the belt and the Maoershan cultivation soil are counted, separated and purified by adopting a dilution coating plate method, and the obtained bacteria are subjected to morphological identification and physiological and biochemical experiments, and are identified according to the Berger's bacterium identification manual and the eighth edition, The results showed that the total number of the soil microorganisms in each sample point was: the bacterial actinomycete fungi, and the number of the three large microorganisms in the organic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer treated with the inorganic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of the field forest land. The number of bacteria and the number of actinomycetes were lower than that in the field, except that the number of fungi was higher than that in the field. The bacteria: 57, 43, 63, and fungi: 27, 28, 22, actinomycete, 27, 31, and 52, respectively. The obtained 163 strains belong to 29 genera, 77 fungi belong to 23 genera, 110 actinomycetes belong to 16 species of bacteria, and Azatobacter and Bacillus are all of the bacteria belonging to each other and are all the dominant species of the genus; the genus Sopulariopsis, The genus Chaetomium, the genus Neurospora, the Cephalosporium, the genus Aureobasidium, and the Penicillium are all the dominant species of the genus Penicillium, and the species of actinomycetes in the cultivated soil in various regions is small; There is a specific genus of bacteria in every place, showing the effect of environmental heterogeneity on the species and distribution of microorganisms. (4) The diversity of the structure of the microbial community in the Tahe, the belt and the Maoershan mountain is analyzed. The results show that the diversity index of the three sampling points in the eastern forest region of Heilongjiang Province is the diversity index: the Maoershan Tahe belt and the evenness index: the Tahe River and the richness index of the Maoershan Tahe. and the diversity index of the organic fertilizer with the inorganic fertilizer treatment sample is higher than that of other treatments. (5) The typical correspondence analysis (CCA) of soil microbial community and quick-acting potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), quick-acting phosphorus (AP), organic matter (OM), pH, water content (MC) and other physical and chemical indexes of the soil microbial community in every field of cultivation were carried out. The results show that total nitrogen (TN), quick-acting phosphorus (AP) and quick-acting potassium (AK) are the main environmental factors that affect the microbial community structure of the cultivated soil.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S154.36

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