秸秆还田对稻麦产量和农田温室气体排放的影响

发布时间：2019-03-14 11:04

【摘要】：水稻、小麦和玉米等作物的秸秆是农业的一种副产品,但含有丰富的有机碳和氮、磷、钾等矿物质营养元素。过去常用焚烧的方法处理秸秆,不仅造成资源浪费,而且污染环境。目前,秸秆还田是最广泛应用的一种处理秸秆的方法。以往虽有秸秆还田对作物产量和农田温室气体排放影响的研究,但有关玉米秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响以及稻麦秸秆周年还田对稻麦产量和农田温室气体排放影响的研究很少。本研究设置了2个试验:试验一,玉米秸秆还田:以杂交粳稻甬优2640为材料,设置玉米秸秆还田(JG)和对照(CK,玉米秸秆不还田)2个处理及2个施氮量水平:不施氮肥(0N)和施氮量300 kgN/hm2(300N);试验二,稻麦秸秆周年还田:小麦供试品种为扬麦20和扬麦16,水稻供试品种为甬优2640和淮稻5号,设置4种处理:(1)小麦和水稻秸秆均不还田(A,对照),(2)小麦秸秆还田(B,在水稻季小麦秸秆还田),(3)水稻秸秆还田(C,在小麦季水稻秸秆还田),(4)小麦秸秆水稻秸秆均还田(D,在小麦季水稻秸秆还田,在水稻季小麦秸秆还田),研究了玉米秸秆对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响,稻麦周年秸秆还田对稻麦产量和生理性状、养分吸收利用、温室气体排放以及土壤性质等的影响。主要结果如下:1、无论是在ON还是在300N条件下,玉米秸秆还田后显著增加了甬优2640的产量,增幅为11.45～13.79%;稻麦秸秆周年还田增加了稻、麦产量,增幅为9.26～11.64%。玉米秸秆还田和稻麦秸秆还田提高了叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根系伤流量、根系吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。2、玉米秸秆还田和稻麦秸秆周年还田显著增加了水稻或小麦植株的干物质生产和N、P、K等养分吸收利用,提高了 N、P、K肥偏生产力。3、与秸秆不还田的对照相比,玉米秸秆还田和稻麦秸秆周年还田均增加了农田温室气体的排放和全球增温潜势(GWP),两季均有秸秆还田的GWP显著高于一季秸秆还田。4、与对照相比,秸秆还田提高了土壤呼吸强度和土壤氧化还原电位,土壤N、P、K含量。秸秆还田还显著增加了小麦籽粒氨基酸含量。
[Abstract]:Straw from crops such as rice, wheat and corn is a by-product of agriculture, but it contains abundant organic carbon and mineral nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In the past, the methods of burning straw not only caused waste of resources, but also polluted the environment. At present, straw returning to field is the most widely used method to deal with straw. Although the effects of straw returning to field on crop yield and greenhouse gas emissions from farmland were studied in the past, little research has been done on the effects of corn straw returning to field on rice yield and on rice-wheat yield and greenhouse gas emissions from farmland during the annual return of rice and wheat stalks. In this study, two experiments were set up: experiment 1, maize straw returning to field: using hybrid japonica rice Yongyou 2640 as material, maize straw returning (JG) and control (CK,) were set up. (2) two treatments and two nitrogen application levels: no nitrogen fertilizer (0 N) and 300 kgN/hm2 (300 N) nitrogen application rate; Experiment 2: wheat straw was returned to field year after year: Yangmai 20 and Yangmai 16, Yongyou 2640 and Huaidao 5 were tested, and four treatments were set up: (1) neither wheat nor rice straw returned to the field (A, control), and the rice straw was not returned to the field (A, control), and the rice straw was Yongyou 2640 and Huaidao 5, respectively. (2) Wheat straw returning to field (B, wheat straw returning to field), (3 in rice season) rice straw returning to field (C, rice straw returning to field in wheat season), (4) wheat straw returning rice straw (D, returning rice straw in wheat season to field), The effects of corn straw on rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions were studied, and the effects of wheat straw returning to field on yield and physiological characters, nutrient uptake and utilization of rice and wheat were studied in this paper, and the effects of corn straw on rice and wheat yield and greenhouse gas emission were studied. Greenhouse gas emissions and soil properties. The main results were as follows: 1. The yield of Yongyou 2640 was significantly increased by 11.45% and 13.79% after returning corn straw to field under both ON and 300N conditions. The annual return of rice and wheat straw increased the yield of rice and wheat by 9.26% and 11.64%. The leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value), leaf photosynthetic rate, root oxidation capacity, root injury flow, root absorption area and active absorption area were increased by returning corn straw and rice-wheat straw. Maize straw return and annual rice-wheat straw return significantly increased dry matter production and N, P, K uptake and utilization of rice or wheat plants, and increased N, P, K fertilizer partial productivity. 3, compared with the control without straw return, The annual return of corn straw and rice-wheat straw both increased greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential (GWP),. The GWP of straw returning to field in both seasons was significantly higher than that of straw returning in one season. 4. Compared with the control, the GWP of straw returned to field in both seasons was significantly higher than that of the control. Straw returning increased soil respiration intensity and soil redox potential, soil N, P, K content. Straw returning also significantly increased the amino acid content of wheat grains.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S141.4

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