光透射式大尺寸车轴视觉测量技术

发布时间：2018-09-02 10:10

【摘要】：随着中国高速铁路事业的不断发展,对于高速动车组的质量以及安全性要求也越来越高。动车车轴作为轮对系统的重要组成部分,起着连接车轮并为车轮传递动力的作用,因此车轴的尺寸测量一直以来都是比较重要的一步。随着制造水平的不断提高,传统测量方法将逐渐无法满足工业水平的需要。针对上述问题,本文提出了双光束透射式车轴视觉测量技术。采用透射式测量技术对车轴边缘进行轴向扫描,有效实现了精密在线测量。该测量方法测量效率较高,而且经实验验证后精度能满足测量要求。首先,阐述了单一光束透射式视觉测量与双光束透射式视觉测量技术原理,并通过比较,论证对于大尺寸车轴测量采用双光束透射式测量方法的必要性及优势。其次,设计整个透射式测量系统、分析各部分功能,重点对系统核心部分即双光束测量传感器单元进行设计。理论推导分析了高斯光束经准直扩束系统的传播方式,研究了反射光束对于测量精度的影响,设计了接收端远心光学系统。对于透镜参数进行公式推导以及仿真优化,最终确定系统所需参数。然后,对采集到的图像进行数据处理,从而对车轴边缘进行精确定位。首先利用改进的中值滤波方法对边缘图像进行滤波;对车轴边缘进行像素级边缘检测,然后进行亚像素级边缘提取,精确定位边缘位置。通过光束系统对车轴进行轴向扫描,得到车轴各轴截面边缘数据;对车轴边缘数据进行轮廓拟合并分段,求取车轴各轴段直径参数。最后,对设计的光透射式测量系统进行系统标定,并对待测车轴进行多次测量验证系统可行性;进一步分析测量结果误差产生原因,对系统进行整体优化。
[Abstract]:With the development of high-speed railway in China, the quality and safety requirements of high-speed EMU are higher and higher. As an important part of the wheel-pair system, the axle of a motor car plays the role of connecting the wheel and transmitting the power for the wheel, so the measurement of the axle size has always been an important step. With the continuous improvement of manufacturing level, traditional measurement methods will be unable to meet the needs of industrial level. Aiming at the above problems, this paper presents a dual beam transmission vision measurement technology for axle. The transmission measurement technique is used to scan the axle edge, and the precision on-line measurement is realized effectively. The measuring efficiency of this method is high, and the accuracy of the method can meet the requirement of measurement. Firstly, the principle of single beam transmission vision measurement and double beam transmission vision measurement is expounded, and the necessity and advantage of double beam transmission method for large size axle measurement are demonstrated through comparison. Secondly, the whole transmission measurement system is designed, and the functions of each part are analyzed. The core part of the system, namely, the dual beam measuring sensor unit, is designed. The propagation mode of Gao Si beam through collimation beam expansion system is analyzed theoretically. The influence of reflected beam on measurement accuracy is studied. A remote optical system at the receiving end is designed. Formula derivation and simulation optimization of lens parameters are carried out to determine the required parameters of the system. Then, the collected image is processed to locate the axle edge accurately. Firstly, the improved median filtering method is used to filter the edge image, and the axle edge is detected at the pixel level, then the sub-pixel edge is extracted to locate the edge position accurately. The axial scanning of the axle is carried out through the beam system, and the edge data of each axle section are obtained, and the contour of the axle edge data is merged and segmented, and the diameter parameters of the axle section are obtained. Finally, the system calibration of the designed optical transmission measurement system is carried out, and the feasibility of the system is verified by multiple measurements on the measuring axle, and the reasons for the error of the measurement results are further analyzed, and the system is optimized as a whole.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TP391.41

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