城市水源地污染应急处置技术筛选与评估研究

发布时间：2018-03-30 08:52

本文选题：突发污染　切入点：水源地应急　出处：《哈尔滨工业大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：环保措施滞后于经济发展而引起的污染事件引起了人们极大地关注，特别是严重威胁城市供水安全的水源地突发污染事件。由于缺乏足够的技术储备和评估系统，相关部门在应对此类事件时往往处于被动状态。因此，对于城市水源地突发污染事件处置技术筛选与评估研究对于国家应急管理非常重要。本文以地表水水源地为研究对象，在对典型突发事件以及应急处置技术调研分析的基础上，基于层次分析，构建了应急处置技术指标体系，建立了应急技术筛选与评估方法，并应用于实际案例之中。研究成果将有助于相似事件的应急管理。近二十七年118件水源地突发污染事件的统计分析结果表明，河流型水源地突发污染事件为主，多达85.0%；污染物类型则以化学品、油类、重金属为主，占70.0%；事故原因以安全生产、交通事故和企业排污为主要污染成因，占70.0%；影响人数在20万以下的事件占75.0%；停水时间在一周之内的事件占83.3%。建立了包含污染情况、污染位置、水源地规模、应急管理和备用水源5个方面12项评价指标的突发污染威胁度判别指标体系，应用ROC法对权重赋值，采用线性加权平均构建了综合评价方法。建立了包含实施难度、时效性、处置成本、应急协调、应急物资、社会影响和环境影响7个方面20项评价指标的应急处置技术筛选与评估指标体系，，依据威胁度的不同，采用ROC法分别计算了指标权重，并应用RSR法对应急技术进行综合评价。建立了包含风险性质、毒理性质、理化性质、环境迁移转化行为、受关注程度等方面因素的9项评价指标的水源地应急优先控制污染物筛选排序指标体系，采用ROC法计算指标权重和线性加权平均法对36种污染物进行综合评价。排序的研究结果与“中国水中优先控制污染物黑名单”比较发现，排序靠前的18种污染物中有16种列在黑名单中，而且，有14种污染物出现在已发生过的水源地污染事件中，其中的12种污染物出现在重大污染事件中。本研究成果应用于贵州都柳江砷污染事件和长春新立城水库水华事件的结果表明：以“技术实施效果”、“社会影响”、和“依托条件”等因素分析的结果，应对贵州都柳江砷污染事件的首选方案为投加复合吸附剂；应对长春新立城水库水华事件的应急措施则应考虑选择气浮除藻与过滤除藻技术。
[Abstract]:Pollution incidents caused by environmental protection measures lagging behind economic development have aroused great concern, especially the sudden pollution incidents in water sources which seriously threaten the safety of urban water supply. Due to the lack of adequate technical reserves and assessment systems, The relevant departments are often in a passive state when dealing with such incidents. Therefore, it is very important for the national emergency management to screen and evaluate the technology for the disposal of unexpected pollution incidents in urban water sources. This paper takes the surface water sources as the research object. Based on the investigation and analysis of typical emergencies and emergency disposal technology, a technical index system of emergency disposal is constructed based on hierarchical analysis, and an emergency technology screening and evaluation method is established. The research results will be helpful to the emergency management of similar events. The statistical analysis of 118 sudden pollution incidents in water source areas in the past 27 years shows that pollution emergencies mainly occur in river water sources, with as many as 85.05.05.The types of pollutants are mainly chemicals, oils and heavy metals, accounting for 70.0.The causes of accidents are safety in production. Traffic accidents and enterprise sewage were the main causes of pollution, accounting for 70.0%, 75.0% for those with less than 200000 people and 83.3% for water stoppage within one week. The evaluation index system of 12 evaluation indexes including pollution situation, pollution location, water source scale, emergency management and reserve water source is established. The weight is assigned by ROC method. The comprehensive evaluation method is constructed by using linear weighted average. The method includes difficulty of implementation, timeliness, cost of disposal, emergency coordination, emergency materials, etc. According to the difference of threat degree, the index system of 20 evaluation indexes for emergency disposal in 7 aspects of social impact and environmental impact was calculated by using ROC method, and the comprehensive evaluation of emergency technology was carried out by using RSR method. A water source emergency priority control pollutant screening and ranking index system was established, which included 9 evaluation indexes, including risk, toxicology, physicochemical properties, environmental migration and transformation behavior, and degree of attention. The ROC method is used to calculate the index weight and the linear weighted average method is used to evaluate the 36 kinds of pollutants. The results of ranking are compared with the "blacklist of priority Control pollutants in Water of China". Among the top 18 pollutants, 16 were listed on blacklist, and 14 were found in water source pollution events, 12 of which occurred in major pollution events. The results of this study were applied to the arsenic pollution event in Duliujiang River, Guizhou Province, and Shui Hua incident in Changchun Xinlicheng Reservoir. The results showed that the results of the analysis were as follows: "effect of technology implementation", "social impact", and "conditions of reliance", etc. The first choice to deal with arsenic pollution in the Duliujiang River of Guizhou is to add compound adsorbent, and the emergency measures to deal with Shui Hua incident of Changchun Xinlicheng Reservoir should consider the choice of air floatation algal removal and filtration algal removal technology.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TU991.15

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