高层建筑火灾情景下人群疏散行为研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 22:33

本文选题：高层建筑火灾 + 人员疏散　；参考：《清华大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：火灾是最经常、最普遍地威胁公众安全和社会发展的灾害之一。随着经济社会发展，高层建筑走入历史舞台，然而高层建筑火灾却是世界范围内危害人类生命财产安全的难题。解决高层建筑火灾难题应当防治结合，即预防与应急管理相结合。人员疏散是高层建筑火灾应急管理的重要环节，研究人员在疏散过程中的心理、行为与决策是研究高层建筑火灾人员疏散问题的基础，具有重要意义。本文在大量文献调研、案例分析的基础上，首先运用案例调研分析的方法，选取上海“11·15”大火为典型案例，研究幸存者的心理特征、行为特点和决策倾向。还原了从火灾发生到逃生结束受访者进行逃生自救的过程，描述了火灾发生后幸存者的基本行为与决策，并对其内部的联系和规律进行了深入分析。发现在无火灾报警设施的公寓内，人群主要依靠自我感知的方式得知火情，存在滞后现象，大部分人第一反应不是逃生，火势对生命的直接威胁是人们最终选择逃生的动机；行动不便现象普遍存在，人群不倾向于使用电梯；疏散延迟受多因素影响；疏散过程中的行为对疏散结果有不同程度的积极或消极影响，排队行为并不典型。在幸存者研究的基础上，有针对性地设计和发放问卷，针对高层建筑日常使用者开展问卷研究，试图了解高层建筑日常使用者的基本特征，工作环境与行为习惯，及对火灾情境中行为决策的认知。发现高层建筑使用者平时主要使用电梯，火灾中排斥电梯，逃生经验缺乏，孤独感普遍存在等特征。研究总结出高层建筑使用者在火灾中的决策倾向及随楼层的变化特征，分析得出影响高层建筑使用者在火灾情境中心理、行为和决策的相关因素，，得出日常行为习惯与特征影响火灾情境中决策的结论。运用效用、博弈、决策理论建立模型模拟真实情况中人群相互的影响和作用，模拟真实火灾疏散情境中人群面对电梯楼梯选择所作最终决策的分布，及随楼层的变化规律。发现电梯选择率随楼层升高呈现变大趋势，变化趋势相较于第一反应明显趋缓，各楼层电梯选择率在通常情景中基本不超过10%，安全电梯情景中不超过45%等规律。
[Abstract]:Fire is one of the most frequent and widespread disasters that threaten public safety and social development. With the development of economy and society, high-rise buildings have entered the stage of history. However, the fire of high-rise buildings is a difficult problem that endangers the safety of human life and property all over the world. To solve the fire problems of high-rise buildings, prevention and emergency management should be combined. Personnel evacuation is an important link in the fire emergency management of high-rise buildings. The psychology, behavior and decision-making of researchers in the evacuation process are the basis of studying the evacuation of fire personnel in high-rise buildings, which is of great significance. Based on a large number of literature and case studies, this paper firstly selects the "1115" fire in Shanghai as a typical case to study the psychological characteristics, behavioral characteristics and decision-making tendency of the survivors. This paper restores the process of self-rescue from the fire to the end of the fire, describes the basic behavior and decision-making of the survivors after the fire, and makes a deep analysis of the internal relations and rules. Found in the apartment without fire alarm facilities, the crowd mainly rely on self-perception to know the fire, there is lag phenomenon, most people's first reaction is not to escape, the direct threat of fire to life is the final choice of escape motivation; People do not tend to use elevators; evacuation delay is affected by many factors; the behavior in the evacuation process has different positive or negative effects on the evacuation results, and the queuing behavior is not typical. Based on the research of survivors, the questionnaire is designed and distributed, and the questionnaire is designed for the daily users of high-rise buildings, in order to understand the basic characteristics, working environment and behavior habits of daily users of high-rise buildings. And the cognition of behavior decision-making in fire situation. It is found that the users of high-rise buildings mainly use elevators, fire repel elevators, lack of escape experience, loneliness and so on. The research summarizes the decision-making tendency of high-rise building users in the fire and the characteristics of the changes with the floor, and analyzes the factors that affect the psychology, behavior and decision-making of high-rise building users in the fire situation. The conclusion is drawn that daily behavior habits and characteristics affect decision making in fire situations. The utility, game and decision theory are used to establish a model to simulate the interaction and effect of the crowd in real situations, and to simulate the distribution of the final decision made by the crowd facing the elevator staircase in the real fire evacuation situation, as well as the law of variation with the floor. It is found that the elevator selection rate tends to increase with the rise of the floor, and the change trend is slower than that of the first reaction. The elevator selection rate of each floor is less than 10 in the normal situation and not more than 45% in the safety elevator scenario.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TU972.4;TU998.1

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