鄂南传统民居的建筑空间解析与居住文化研究

发布时间：2018-05-24 03:51

本文选题：鄂南地区 + 传统民居　；参考：《武汉理工大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以湖北省南部的咸宁市为主要考察区域,对这一区域内传统民居的建筑空间与居住文化进行分析与研究。文中定义的“鄂南”地区,从狭义看是以咸宁市市域为依托的行政区划范围,有着相对清晰的空间领域；从广义看,地域文化之间的邻接关系并非泾渭分明,而是在市域的边缘体现出融合与渐变,从而形成丰富多元的文化环境,它突破行政区划的界限,形成一个更为完整的“鄂南”概念。鄂南气候湿热、多雨,地势整体以丘陵为主,其生产方式体现出山地农业的特征,在传统农耕的主导下,因地制宜的发展出造纸、制茶等手工业组成。从地理位置上看鄂南,它北靠武汉,南接潇湘,东邻赣北,西望荆襄,处在湖北、江西、湖南三省的交汇地带。由于地理上的相连,在气候、地理条件等客观环境上与周边省份有一定的相似性,表现在文化上产生一定趋同,与中原汉文化在本体上是高度同构的。与此同时,在鄂南地区周围还存在多支各具地方特色的亚文化,如徽州文化、赣江文化、湖湘文化,以及峡江文化。鄂南的地域文化处于四支亚文化的边缘,并未真正融入其中一种,然而四种文化的相互渗透与融合却都作用于这片区域,使其呈现出被边缘中的特点,在同一性中包含特殊性,在特殊性中体现出同一性。干阑式建筑形式是鄂南历史早期出现的建筑样式,后在中原文化的影响下,在平面形制上出现北方合院式的特征,形成了符合地域文化特征的天井院式的居住空间,而在明清时期数次南方移民活动中,鄂南民居更是受到了经济文化更为发达的江西等地的同化,在建筑风格上与之产生一定的趋同。鄂南民居是在农耕社会中形成和发展起来的,在中原强烈的宗法制度的笼罩下,鄂南地区的合院建筑同样具有中原合院建筑的基本特征,但在客观自然条件以及乡土人文环境的制约中,也表现出极强的地域适应性,如减小建筑体量的天井院落,依山地而建的抬院空间,以及在地方农业与手工业的影响下诞生出的能够同时满足贸易与居住需求的集镇街屋。鄂南民居主要属于小式梁架结构,其结构体系是以砖木混合结构为主,以山墙辅助承重,所以它与北方普遍采用的抬梁式构架,以及南方常见的穿斗式构架均有差异。由于鄂南民间的屋面重量较轻,所以在房屋构架的处理方式上显得十分灵活,受地势条件的影响或房屋实际用途的要求,抬梁、穿斗、插梁几种结构混合使用的情况常有出现,而在工艺处理上也产生了如燕子步梁、包镶柱、双料柱等对于地方气候、材料的适应表现。民居装饰的表现题材实际上也是一种文化现象,它是一定时期内社会经济文化条件所创造的产物,也是一定区域内人们生活方式,生产劳动,观念风俗的反映。鄂南出现的装饰题材类别总体可分为四个有代表性的方向：第一,表现古代文人情趣的装饰图案；第二,象征式的装饰图案；第三,描述情节的神话与民间传说；第四,家训和警示的体现。这些植根于传统文化,出自于乡民的劳动与生活的诸多内容,是人们对社会生活抒发的情感热爱与愿望的寄托,同时,也表达着人们对高尚情操的追求。传统民居的形态是具有地域性的,这是它区别于现代建筑最大的差异之一,它使用地方性的材料、作出对地方气候、以及特殊地形的适应,以最低的能源消耗成本获取了最大限度的居住舒适度,并且在没有辅以现代化采暖、制冷等设备的客观条件下,创造出了相对舒适、绿色、健康、低能耗甚至零能耗的室内外环境,这是现代建筑在居住的生态性上所不能比拟的,也是传统民居带给我们最重要的财富。对传统民居的可持续发展的思考,不应仅仅停留在如何翻新、如何改建的层面,而是应该反思,如何在当代的大环境中延续其健康、生态的思想价值,创造和谐的人居环境。全文内容由六个章节组成。第一章为绪论,对本文的研究内容、现状、意义和研究方法作出了简要的说明,并列出文章的整体脉络与框架；第二章介绍了鄂南地区传统民居的地域文化背景,包括这一区域的气候条件与地理环境,生产方式与社会经济文化,以及民居的形成、传承与发展过程；第三章对民居的平面形态和空间形态进行分类解析,并对其特征作出归纳；第四章从建筑的承重体系、支承体系、围护体系三个方面入手,具体分析鄂南民居的建筑结构及营造技术；第五章介绍了鄂南民居的装饰艺术及其象征寓意,具体对装饰的手法、装饰的题材以及寓意表达方面作出归类与分析；第六章为结语,探讨传统民居在自发演进中所面临的问题,并对其可持续发展途径作出规划。
[Abstract]:This paper takes Xianning city in the south of Hubei as the main investigation area , analyzes and studies the building space and residential culture of the traditional dwellings in this area .
In the sense of broad sense , the adjacency relation between regional culture is not clear , but it reflects the integration and gradual change in the edge of the city domain , thus forming rich and plural cultural environment , which breaks through the limits of administrative division and forms a more complete concept of " Esouth " .

In the south of Hubei Province , there are many subcultures with local characteristics , such as Huizhou culture , Ganjiang culture , Huxiang culture and Xijiang culture .

The diaphragm type building form is the architectural style which appeared in the early history of Hubei Province . After the influence of the Central Plains culture , it has formed the characteristic of the courtyard style in the north , and formed the courtyard - style residential space which accords with the regional cultural characteristics . In the period of Ming and Qing dynasties , the residence space of the courtyard type is formed . In the period of Ming and Qing Dynasties , the folk house in the south of Hubei is the assimilation of the more developed Jiangxi and so on , which has a certain convergence in the architectural style .

The residential houses in the south of Hubei are formed and developed in the agricultural and cultivated societies . In the cage of the strong patriarchal clan system , the compound buildings in the south of Hubei also have the basic characteristics of the construction of the Central Plains . However , in the constraints of the objective and natural conditions and the local human environment , there is also a strong regional adaptability , such as the reduction of the courtyard courtyard of the building mass , the uplift space built according to the mountainous region , and the town street which can meet the demand of trade and residence simultaneously under the influence of local agriculture and handicrafts .

The folk house in south of Hubei is mainly composed of small beam frame structure , and its structural system is mainly composed of brick and wood mixed structure , which is auxiliary load bearing with gable wall , so it is very flexible in the way of building framework , so it is very flexible in treatment mode of house frame .

The theme of folk house decoration is also a cultural phenomenon , it is the product created by the social and economic culture conditions in a certain period , and it is the reflection of people ' s life style , production labor and concept customs in a certain period . The decoration theme categories appearing in the south of Hubei can be divided into four representative directions : first , showing ancient scholar ' s interesting decorative patterns ;
a second , symbol - like decorative pattern ;
Thirdly , describe the myths and folklore of the plot ;
The fourth , the manifestation of family training and warning . These are rooted in the traditional culture , the work and the life of the native people , are people ' s emotional love and desire to the social life , and also express the people ' s pursuit of the noble sentiment .

The form of traditional dwellings is regional , which is one of the greatest differences between modern architecture . It uses local materials , makes the adaptation of local climate and special terrain , and creates a relatively comfortable , green , healthy , low energy consumption and even zero energy consumption indoor and outdoor environment with the lowest energy consumption cost .

The contents of the whole text are composed of six chapters . The first chapter is the introduction , and makes a brief description of the contents , present situation , significance and research methods of the study , and lists the whole context and framework of the article .
The second chapter introduces the regional cultural background of the traditional folk house in the south of Hubei , including the climatic condition and geographical environment , the production mode and the social and economic culture , as well as the formation , inheritance and development process of the folk house .
In the third chapter , the plane form and the space form of the dwellings are classified and analyzed , and their characteristics are summarized .
The fourth chapter starts with three aspects of building ' s load - bearing system , supporting system and containment system .
The fifth chapter introduces the decoration art of the folk house in the south of Hubei Province and its symbolic meaning , and classifies and analyzes the decoration technique , the subject matter of decoration and the expression of moral meaning ;
Chapter 6 discusses the problems faced by traditional folk houses in spontaneous evolution and plans their sustainable development approaches .
【学位授予单位】：武汉理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TU241.5

【参考文献】