老挝首都万象宜居及可持续的城市发展规划理念研究

发布时间：2018-06-21 23:03

本文选题：宜居城市 + 可持续城市　；参考：《华东师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：老挝人民民主共和国自1975年成立以来,老挝政府在全国范围内不遗余力地建设必要的基础设施以推进城市化进程。1986年,老挝政府开始实施新经济政策。改革后,老挝的经济快速增长,老挝人民的生活水平显著提升。 2005年至2010年期间,老挝首都万象的经济发展稳步提升。每年的国内生产总值(GDP)增幅达12.10%,较2001年至2005年间的GDP增幅提高99.90%。首都万象的GDP占老挝全国GDP总量的27%,人均年收入达1755.00美元,较2001年至2005年间的人均年收入(957.72美元)增长了801.28美元。万象同时还是老挝的政治、行政、文化和科技中心,相较于老挝其它省份,万象的经济发展具有更大更快的潜力。在建设更加文明和现代化的城市进程中,老挝也需为子孙后代保护本国的自然资源以及文化和传统。大量人口迁入使得万象的人口急剧增加。此外,在不同时期,万象也面临着许多不同且复杂的问题。这些问题包括环境、城市结构、交通以及经济、社会和文化等方面,具体如下： 1)环境问题由于过度消耗资源且缺乏有效的资源保护,加之居民生活,工业生产和交通运输等过程产生大量废水和废气,万象的环境问题正逐渐影响人民健康。此外,绿地和公园的匮乏会降低居民的生活质量,这与居民的身心健康直接相关。 2)城市形态与结构问题万象的城市形态与结构对城市总体的风貌有重要的影响。对土地利用目的和土地类型缺乏管理或者管理不当,不考虑城市结构的资本主义发展,无效的城市规划会引起许多问题。所有的这些因素构成了主城区的扩张和郊区的扩张。 3)交通问题城区面积有限而人口却不断激增使得道路的需求量增大,从而给交通管理体系造成一些问题。居民的高出行频率和城市形貌的问题共同促使交通问题出现。此外,万象的城市结构未能很好应对激增的人口。狭窄的城市街道,不当的城市规划,不足的停车位造成城市的交通问题日益凸显。确切地讲,公共交通推广力度不够,运能不足,覆盖面不够广致使私家车成为主要的出行方式是造成交通问题的关键因素。 4)经济,社会和文化问题经济,社会和文化的问题对城市的提升有直接的影响。这些问题与居民的日常生活方式和健康紧密相关。如果老挝有良好的环境,良好的交通系统,稳定增长的经济,那将为人民创造更好的生活条件,同时提高人民的精神健康程度。这些问题对万象非常重要,因为它们直接影响万象市民的生活状况和生活品质,降低居民幸福指数,阻碍宜居及可持续的城市发展。一般来说,这些问题会随着全球环境和资源的退化而逐渐升级。生产,建筑,商业,交通等行业消耗越来越多的资源和能量,产生更多的“三废”,这些“三废”对大气、水体和土壤环境造成严重的影响。本研究试图找出适用于万象未来发展的宜居及可持续城市规划理论,具体如下： 1.为了确立最适合万象的城市规划理念,本研究查找了世界范围内有影响力和认可度的宜居及可持续城市规划理念。 2.为了解决当前万象城市规划中出现的环境、城市结构、交通系统、经济、社会和文化等问题,本研究确立了最佳城市规划理念。 3.对比研究上海典范城市的城市规划理念和城市环境管理,为万象的城市规划提供参考。当前,由于缺乏合理的城市规划理念,老挝首都万象存在许多问题。城市的混乱无序发展将使越来越多的贫民窟出现。随着人们对城市无规划发展及城市过度消耗资源所造成的负面影响日益关注,建设宜居及可持续发展的城市成为消除城市贫困、社会不公和环境恶化的有力途径,尤其是在全球化日益深化的形势下。宜居及可持续的城市规划理念涉及许多相互交叉关联的因素,这些因素共同影响着都市区里居民的生活质量。完备的基础公用设施对提升城市居民的生活质量至关重要。建设宜居及可持续发展的城市在今日的老挝势在必行,因为老挝的城市化进程正朝着和谐、可持续的方向发展。宜居的理念亦是可持续发展型城市的代表。宜居及可持续的城市规划理念对于建设一个在环境管理,城市结构,交通运输,经济文化等各方面都良好的首都必不可少。城市规划理念对于城市的宜居性及可持续发展性也至关重要。快速的城市扩张已给老挝的许多城市带来明显的问题。针对哪一种规划理念更适合万象的问题,本论文研究了两种极端城市规划理念：花园城市和紧凑型城市。通过对不同规划理论的分析,以及对中国上海和老挝琅勃拉邦的城市规划对比分析,本文确立了适用于万象的城市规划理念及环境管理方法,以解决万象目前存在的问题。本研究主要的研究方法如下： 1.指出问题的重要性,研究目的,研究对象和研究区域。 2.通过规划理论和案例分析收集原始数据,根据宜居及可持续的城市规划理念来评估这些数据。 3.研究万象所面临的所有问题以分析有关宜居及可持续的城市规划问题。综合考虑万象发展潜力与政府政策支持,社会经济发展,悠久的文化传统以及老挝人民的生活方式,以确立最适合万象的城市规划理念。 4.针对当前万象存在的诸如环境、城市形貌、交通、经济、社会和文化等方面的问题,分析运用花园城市理念和紧凑型城市理念进行城市规划以解决这些问题。 5.研究宜居型城市——老挝琅勃拉邦和可持续发展型城市——中国上海的案例,结合全球公认的花园型城市规划理论和紧凑型城市规划理论对万象的城市规划理念进行分析。 6.总结以上研究结果,最终得出将万象建设为宜居及可持续发展型城市的规划理念。本研究的重要性在于为未来老挝首都万象的建设提供一种城市规划理念。花园城市和紧凑型城市是两种可靠,可持续的城市规划理念,这两种城市规划理念在响应公众需求,保护环境,发展经济等方面十分有效。研究得出的总的规划理念包括： ①将城市规划的好处最大化； ②关注城市规划的效力和效率； ③关注环境问题； ④保存和恢复民族的特点和遗产； ⑤识别混合使用的土地； ⑥完善的卫生和公共服务系统,减少私家车的使用,支持公共交通系统； ⑦明确城市绿地,城市河网和空气质量的重要性； ⑧明确交通系统构建的重要性,鼓励步行,鼓励能源回收。通过参考中国上海的城市环境管理和城市规划经验,本论文最终得出了适合老挝的宜居及可持续城市发展理念,将有助于改善万象居民的生活条件和品质,促进万象的经济增长,实现万象的可持续发展。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975, the Laos government has spared no effort to build the necessary infrastructure to promote the process of urbanization in.1986, and the Laos government began to implement the new economic policy. After the reform, the Laos economic growth and the living standard of Laos people have improved significantly.
From 2005 to 2010, the economic development of Vientiane in the capital of Laos increased steadily. The annual gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 12.10%, compared with 27% of the total GDP total in Laos compared with the GDP increase of 99.90%. capital from 2001 to 2005. The per capita annual income reached $1755, compared with the per capita annual income of 957.72 from 2001 to 2005. It has increased by 801.28 dollars. Vientiane is also the political, administrative, cultural and technological center of Laos, which has a greater and faster potential for the economic development of Vientiane than in other provinces of Laos. In the process of building a more civilized and modern city, Laos also needs to protect its natural resources and culture and tradition for its descendants.
In addition, the Vientiane faces many different and complex problems at different times, including the environment, urban structure, traffic and economic, social and cultural aspects, as follows:
1) environmental problems
Due to the excessive consumption of resources and the lack of effective resources protection, in addition to the living, industrial production and transportation and other processes produced a large amount of waste water and waste gas, the environmental problems of the Vientiane are gradually affecting the people's health. In addition, the lack of green space and parks will reduce the living quality of the residents, which is directly related to the physical and mental health of the residents.
2) the problem of urban form and structure
The urban morphology and structure of Vientiane have an important influence on the overall style of the city. The lack of management or management of the purpose of land use and land types, and the lack of consideration of the capitalist development of the urban structure, and the ineffective urban planning will cause many problems. All these factors constitute the expansion of the main urban areas and the expansion of the suburbs.
3) traffic problems
The limited urban area and the increasing population have increased the demand for the road, which causes some problems in the traffic management system. The high travel frequency and the urban morphology of the residents contribute to the problem of traffic. In addition, the city structure of the Vientiane is not well responding to the increasing population. The narrow city streets, the unsuitable cities. Planning, the lack of parking space has caused the urban traffic problems to become increasingly prominent. To be exact, the lack of public transport, inadequate transport capacity, insufficient coverage, and the lack of coverage to make private cars the main mode of travel are the key factors that cause traffic problems.
4) economic, social and cultural issues
Economic, social and cultural issues have a direct impact on the promotion of cities. These problems are closely related to the daily lifestyles and health of the residents. If Laos has a good environment, a good transportation system and a stable growth economy, it will create better living items for the people and improve the people's mental health.
These problems are very important to Vientiane, because they directly affect the living conditions and quality of life of the Vientiane, reduce the population's happiness index, impede livable and sustainable urban development. Generally, these problems will gradually upgrade with the degradation of the global environment and resources. Production, construction, commerce, transportation and other industries are becoming more and more consumed. More resources and energy generate more "three wastes". These "three wastes" have a serious impact on the atmosphere, water and soil environment.
The purpose of this study is to identify livable and sustainable urban planning theories applicable to the future development of Vientiane.
1. in order to establish the most suitable urban planning concept of Vientiane, this research has found the concept of livable and sustainable urban planning in the world with influence and recognition.
2. in order to solve the problems of the current Vientiane city planning, the urban structure, the transportation system, the economy, the society and the culture, the best urban planning concept has been established in this study.
3. to compare and study the urban planning concepts and urban environmental management of the model cities in Shanghai, so as to provide references for Vientiane's urban planning.
At present, due to the lack of reasonable urban planning concept, there are many problems in the Vientiane in Laos capital. The disorder and disorderly development of the city will make more and more slums appear. As people pay more attention to the negative impact of urban development and urban excessive consumption of resources, the city of livable and sustainable development will be eliminated. Urban poverty, social injustice and environmental degradation are powerful ways, especially in the increasingly globalized world.
The livable and sustainable urban planning concept involves many interrelated factors that affect the quality of life of the urban residents. A complete infrastructure is essential to improve the quality of life of the urban residents. It is imperative to build a livable and sustainable city in Laos today because of Laos. The urbanization process is moving towards harmony and sustainable development. The livable concept is also the representative of the sustainable development city. The livable and sustainable urban planning concept is essential to the construction of a good capital in all aspects of environmental management, urban structure, transportation, economy and culture.
The idea of urban planning is also crucial to the livability and sustainability of the city. Rapid urban expansion has brought obvious problems to many cities in Laos. In this paper, two kinds of extreme urban planning concepts: Garden City and compact city are studied in this paper. The analysis of the planning theory and the comparison and analysis of the urban planning in Shanghai and Luang Prabang of Laos, this paper establishes the urban planning concept and the environmental management method applicable to Vientiane so as to solve the existing problems of Vientiane.
The main research methods of this study are as follows:
1. point out the importance of the problem, research purpose, research object and research area.
2. collect the original data through planning theory and case analysis, and evaluate these data according to the concept of livable and sustainable urban planning.
3. to study all the problems faced by Vientiane to analyze the problem of livable and sustainable urban planning. The comprehensive consideration of the Vientiane development potential and government policy support, social and economic development, long cultural traditions and the way of living of the Lao people, in order to establish the most universal urban planning concept.
4. in view of the problems existing in the present Vientiane, such as environment, urban morphology, traffic, economy, society and culture, the urban planning of the garden city concept and the compact city concept is analyzed to solve these problems.
5. study the case of the livable city, Laos Luang Prabang and the sustainable development city, Shanghai, China, and analyze the urban planning concept of Vientiane in combination with the globally recognized garden city planning theory and the compact urban planning theory.
6. summing up the above research results, we finally come to the idea of building Vientiane into a livable and sustainable city.
The importance of this study is to provide a city planning concept for the future Laos capital, Vientiane. The garden city and the compact city are two reliable and sustainable urban planning concepts. The two urban planning concepts are very effective in responding to the public needs, protecting the environment and developing the economy.
The overall planning ideas of the study include:
(1) maximizing the benefits of urban planning;
(2) pay attention to the effectiveness and efficiency of urban planning;
(3) pay attention to environmental problems;
(4) to preserve and restore the characteristics and heritage of the nation;
To identify the mixed land;
Improve the health and public service system to reduce the use of private cars and support the public transport system;
To clarify the importance of urban green space, urban river network and air quality;
Clarify the importance of transportation system construction, encourage walking and encourage energy recovery.
By referring to the experience of urban environmental management and urban planning in Shanghai, this paper has finally obtained the ideal of livable and sustainable urban development suitable for Laos, which will help to improve the living conditions and quality of the Vientiane residents, promote the economic growth of the Vientiane, and realize the sustainable development of the Vientiane.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TU984.3

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