基于改进Tennant法和敏感生态需求的河流生态需水关键技术研究

发布时间：2019-05-23 19:13

【摘要】：河流的健康依赖于水文情势,但人类活动对河流的自然水文情势带来了剧烈扰动,导致了河流生态系统的退化,由此产生了生态需水(Ecological Water Requirements, EWRs)问题,并已成为制约社会经济可持续发展的障碍。保障EWRs自然成为了保持河流健康的前提条件,EWRs估算方法也一直是河流生态修复领域的研究前沿。针对一般性的水生栖息地和生物多样性维持需求以及汉江中下游的“水华”防控和鱼类产卵需求,分别开展了具有普适性的河流生态流量(Ecological flow, EF)评估方法和具有区域性的河流EF配置方案的科学研究。主要工作和创新性成果如下： (1)从水资源利用模式的转变过程、建库筑坝的生态水文效应和生态调度的研究需求三方面介绍了论文的研究背景和意义：从理论和模型两方面综述了河流EWRs研究在国内、外的进展情况,总结了当前EF标准普遍存在的时间变异性弱、空间移植性差、受极端流量影响大和分级标准主观性强四个关键问题,明确了论文的研究重点。 (2)从水量与流量、功能、临界值、需水与用水、可持续利用河流健康五个视角对河流EWRs的概念进行了辨识,从时空性、质量统一性、最优阐值性三个方面对EWRs的特性进行了研究,提出河流EF评估标准应具有逐月和年际的丰枯同步差异性、空间移植性和等级客观性。 (3)为了构建具有普适性的多级EF评估标准,解决四个关键问题,论文重点研究了Tennant法的改进方法。根据时段平均流量、计算时段和百分比三个参数的组合改进方式,对Tennant法的改进策略进行了全面深入的研究,从最小流量、平均流量、最枯连续n天平均流量、基流、频率曲线和历时曲线的特定保证率流量等各类流量指标的生态水文特性分析入手,提出了基于流量的月均系列代替年均系列划分水平年、低流量视角研究最小EF、中值代替平均值、逐月分配计算代替全年单值计算、生态分级代替主观分级的MTMMHC法。以具有不同水文情势的5条大河、2条中型河流和3条小河为例,验证了MTMMHC法的合理性。结果表明,MTMMHC法计算的各级EF具有逐月和年际的丰枯同步差异性以及能适用于不同类型河流的普适性,避免了年际极端流量峰值和年内分配不均带来的影响,EF的分级数量较为适宜,避免了传统水文学法在标准分级上的主观盲目性。 (4)在对汉江“水华”成因与影响因素分析的基础上,兼顾下游“水华”阈值流速破坏和襄阳段EWRs满足两大需求,提出了不同长江枯水位条件下兼顾中线工程调水、引江济汉工程补水、丹江口水库泄水、汉江襄阳段和区间支流水生栖息地条件的“水华”防控EF配置方案,可为多个水利工程的联合生态调度提供科学依据。 (5)分析了汉江襄阳段鱼类资源的时空演变情况、演变原因和产卵条件,基于“四大家鱼”各产卵场所需的涨水条件和流速适宜性曲线以及丹江口水库泄水过程与区间支流涨水过程对产卵量的贡献率提出了生态洪水方案,评估了天然径流与丹江口水库调节后径流对生态洪水方案的满足情况。结果表明：天然径流在最枯年份能提供较好的生态脉冲过程,而调节后的径流在平水年和枯水年不能满足,未来应重点研究丹江口水库的水沙联合生态调度策略,使得汉江襄阳段的江水透明度、洪水流量的起涨值、最高值、逐日上涨率和持续时间能符合家鱼的繁殖要求。 (6)总结了本文的研究成果,提出了今后进一步研究的方向。
[Abstract]:The health of the river is dependent on the hydrological situation, but the human activity has caused severe disturbance to the natural hydrological situation of the river, resulting in the degradation of the river ecosystem, thus generating the problems of ecological water requirements (EWRs), and has become an obstacle to the sustainable development of the social economy. The protection of EWRs is a prerequisite for maintaining the health of the river, and the EWRs estimation method has been the leading edge in the field of river ecological restoration. In view of the general aquatic habitat and biodiversity maintenance demand and the "Shui Hua" prevention and control of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River and the requirements of fish spawning, the ecological flow (EF) evaluation method and the scientific research of the regional river EF configuration scheme are respectively carried out. Research. Key work and innovative results such as Abstract: (1) The research background and significance of the paper are introduced from three aspects: the transformation process of the water resource utilization mode, the ecological hydrological effect of the building and the construction of the dam, and the study demand of the ecological dispatch: the research of the river EWRs from two aspects: the theory and the model In this paper, four key problems, such as the weak temporal variability, the poor space portability, the great influence of extreme flow and the subjectivity of the classification standard, are summarized in this paper. (2) The concept of the river EWRs is identified from the five perspectives of water volume and flow, function, critical value, water requirement and water, and the river health can be used for the sustainable utilization of the river health. The study is carried out, and the evaluation criteria of the river EF should have a month-to-month and interannual yield-up synchronization difference, space portability and (3) In order to build a multi-level EF evaluation standard with universality, four key problems are solved, and the thesis focuses on Tennan. The improved method of the t method is based on the combination improvement of the average flow of the period, the calculation period and the percentage, and the improvement strategy of the Tenant method is thoroughly studied, from the minimum flow rate, the average flow rate and the minimum continuous n day. Based on the analysis of the ecological and hydrological characteristics of various flow indexes such as the average flow, the base flow, the frequency curve and the specific assurance rate of the diachronic curve, the monthly mean series based on the flow rate is proposed to replace the annual series of annual and low flow angles to study the minimum EF, The median value is used instead of the average value, the monthly allocation calculation is used instead of the whole-year single-value calculation, and the ecological grading replaces the subjective grading. MTMMHC method. Taking five large rivers with different hydrological conditions, two medium-sized rivers and three small rivers as an example, the MTMM is verified. The results show that all levels of EF, which are calculated by the MTMMHC method, can be applied to different types of rivers, so as to avoid the influence of the annual extreme flow peak and the distribution of distribution in the year, and the division of EF. The number of stages is more appropriate, and the standard classification of the traditional hydrology method is avoided. On the basis of the analysis of the cause and the influence factors of Hanjiang's water bloom, the two main demands of the "downstream water-water" threshold flow rate and the EWRs of the downstream water level are considered, and the water transfer of the middle-line project under different conditions of the dry water level of the Yangtze River is put forward, and the compensation of the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River is made. The "Shui Hua" prevention and control EF configuration scheme for the conditions of water, Danjiangkou reservoir, water discharge of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, and the aquatic habitat conditions of the two-section and section tributaries of the Hanjiang River can be a joint generation of a plurality of water conservancy projects The paper analyses the spatial and temporal evolution of the fish resources in the Xianyang section of the Hanjiang River. The condition, evolution reason and oviposition condition, on the basis of the water and flow conditions and the flow-rate suitability curve required for each egg-laying site of the "four-legged fish", and the amount of laying eggs in the process of water discharge of the Danjiangkou reservoir and the process of the flood of the section of the section The ecological flood scheme is put forward, and the natural runoff and the runoff pair after the adjustment of the Danjiangkou reservoir are evaluated. The results show that the natural runoff can provide better ecological pulse process in the most dry year, and the adjusted runoff can not be met in the year of plain water and dry water, and the water and sediment combined ecological scheduling strategy of Danjiangkou reservoir should be studied in the future. The water transparency of the Yangtze River, the rising value of the flood flow, the maximum value, the daily increase rate and the duration of the flood The results of this paper are summarized in (6).
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X52;TV213.4

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