曹焕文科技史研究初探
发布时间：2018-08-06 15:10
【摘要】：曹焕文是山西民国时期著名的化工专家、实业家和成果丰硕的学者,是西北实业公司筹备委员及主要的建设者,是建国后太原市首任分管工业和科技的副市长。国内外针对曹焕文的研究,数十年来一直未充分展开,迄今仍未形成专论与专著。少数提及曹焕文的文稿,仅是围绕其作为近代山西工业建设中坚力量的一份子以及其建国后作为太原工业领导者的角色而进行的简单介绍,但作为同时贡献卓著的科技史家角色的曹焕文,则被学界长期“有意或无意地”忽视与遮蔽。事实上,在中国科技界,曹焕文是重要的。一个例证是,1938年“中英庚款董事会资助非常时期科学人员名单”中,曹焕文是化学组的第一名,而其他组的被资助人员中有许多人后来都是中国现代科技界的翘楚,譬如生物学组的第二名陈桢10年后即1948年就成为国民政府中央研究院的院士；同样,在中国科技史界,曹焕文也是重要的。基于对曹焕文民国时期关于中国火药史和运城盐池史的多部原始手稿及一手文献的挖掘、整理与分析,并与近代中西方的相关科学史研究进行对比,本文发现：一、曹焕文所著《中国火药全史》是中国近代第一部关于火药起源、发展和传播的科技通史专著；二、曹焕文是世界上最早提出并证明“火药由中国古代炼丹家所发明”的学者；三、曹焕文所著《运城盐池之研究》是世界第一部运用现代化学原理系统解释运城盐池成盐机理以及硝板晒盐原理的科技著作。换言之,加上建国初期曹焕文整理发行的《太原工业史料》一书,曹焕文在中国火药史研究、运城盐池史研究、太原工业史三大方面均有奠基性的研究工作,也是当之无愧的科技史研究专家。基于时间和材料所限,本文仅就曹焕文科技史研究的前两大方面即其在学术生命最旺盛之民国时期对中国火药史研究、运城盐池史研究进行系统深入的综合研究。从火药史和盐史相关史料与史学的比较角度看,本文是科学史的研究；而从曹焕文与其他相关研究者的比较角度看,本文同时也是科学史学史的研究。本文主体分为导论、正文(共四章)、结论三个部分。导论部分主要阐述本文的研究目的和意义、国内外研究现状、研究思路、研究方法、研究难点和创新之处。正文的框架分为三个部分：第一章,以对曹焕文的女儿——现任太原市科学技术协会副主席曹慧彬女士的采访为基础,结合《浑源县人物志》、《太原文史资料》、《山西科技志》等资料,考证叙述了曹焕文从上世纪初期留学日本,到归国建设山西工业,直至建国后为工业与科技建设奉献一生的简要经历。第二章和第三章是曹焕文火药史相关研究的部分：第二章,通过对曹焕文之前(包括中国明代、清代以及西方18世纪末至19世纪初)世界火药史研究的著述、文献进行梳理、分析与对比,总结出近代火药史学的特征以及困境。为第三章对曹焕文火药史学解决此困境问题的研究做前期铺垫。第三章,挖掘并整理了曹焕文火药史学论著的部分原始手稿和一手文献,通过横向与纵向的对比,总结其火药史学在史料和史学方法上的创见与突破。第四章是曹焕文运城盐池相关研究的部分：通过对民国时期(1911-1949)国内外的盐史以及运城盐池论著的统计与比较,总结了近代运城盐池研究的特征。最主要地,搜集整理了曹焕文创作于民国时期的盐史论文,以及连载于《西北实业月刊》的著作《运城盐池之研究》,通过与现代研究比较,考证了曹焕文对“硝板”化学成分鉴定、盐池芒硝来源、硝板化学作用等的盐池化学研究,以及运城盐池产盐技术演进史的化学史研究。特别考证了曹焕文运用运城盐池的“咸淡水钩配原理”,解决了四川井盐化工技术的相关问题,解释了曹焕文的研究是运城盐池研究科学方法的范式转换。结论部分包括两方面内容：一是对全文进行概括性总结；二是指出本文研究的不足之处和仍需努力的方向。本论文的创新之处主要有以下几方面：1.以口述史的方法对曹焕文的后人进行了多次采访,并获取了唯一存世的曹焕文火药史研究文献资料集《中国火药全史资料》全八册手稿(内含曹焕文在1938年于西安进行火药史研究时所记96天的日记)；搜集并整理了连载于《西北实业月刊》(1945-1947)共20期14万余字的盐史著作——《运城盐池之研究》。此外,通过调研,查阅了大量一手文献,如刊登于《航空机械》(1942)和《西北实业月刊》(1946)的曹焕文火药史论文“中国火药之起源”,以及《中华实业季刊》(1934-1935)、《中华实业月刊》(1935-1936)、《西北实业月刊》(1946)等内发表的曹焕文盐史论文“整理运城盐池盐务私见”、“整顿潞盐计划书”、“西北盐池”等。在山西省图书馆地方文献阅览室和特种文献阅览室,查找到曹焕文著《河东潞盐盐务丛集》以及《西北实业周刊》(1946-1947)内载其十余篇演讲或发言稿。利用国内外多种过刊数据库、搜索引擎和网络资源,查找到19世纪末至20世纪初的西方火药史研究论著20余种,从中梳理分析出了近代西方火药史学的特征。利用在国家图书馆现场查阅与文献传递相结合的方式,阅读、抄录和复印包括《科学前哨》(Science Outpost)、《伏炼试探》(Chinese Alchemy)在内的十余种珍贵科学著作,分析梳理了曹焕文同时期或之后最重要的火药史学研究成果与特征。2.对曹焕文日记手稿与火药史论文进行对比考析,确定手稿的准确时期,探轶或推断曹焕文关键研究结论的理论源头。3.历史学的“比较史学”既包括史料的比较,也包括史学方法的比较。本文特别从史料和史学方法两方面入手,既强调史料的考证,也重视由纵、横两个方向上比较近代中西火药史和盐史的治史方法,最终找出曹焕文在近代科学史学领域的定位与坐标。4.对几处学界一直未曾涉及或存有疑问的研究进行大胆假设和小心求证,得出自己的观点。如：曹焕文可能在上世纪40年代初与李约瑟有过间接的学术往来；此外,也证明并更正了学界长久以来达成共识却是错误的几个观点,如：李约瑟在1948年的名著《科学前哨》(英文)内擅改了他于1944年在重庆的一篇演讲稿的重要结论。5.为运城盐池的现代主流科学研究,找到了研究规范的原点。如：大部分权威著作提出的运城硝板晒盐的三条“化学作用”,事实上皆出自曹焕文在半个世纪前的《运城盐池之研究》。6.实地考察运城盐池、池神庙、河东博物馆和运城盐湖区博物馆,拜访本地专家,摄录古碑原始碑文,由聚集了盐池文化的池神庙内建筑及名称等多方面获得巨大灵感,支持了曹焕文的“盐池科技起于魏晋丹术大兴时期”的推断。
[Abstract]:Cao Huanwen is a famous chemical expert, industrialist and fruitful scholar in the period of the Republic of Shanxi. It is the Preparatory Committee for the Northwest Industrial Company and the main builder. It is the first deputy mayor of Taiyuan after the founding of the people's Republic of China. The research on Cao Huanwen at home and abroad has not been fully launched for decades. A few references to Cao Huanwen's manuscript are only a simple introduction to his role as a backbone of modern industrial construction in modern Shanxi and his role as a Taiyuan industrial leader after the founding of the people's Republic of China. But Cao Huanwen, the role of the historian of science and technology, which is outstanding at the same time, was neglected by the academic community for a long time "intentionally or unintentionally". In fact, in the Chinese science and technology community, Cao Huanwen is important. One example is that in 1938, Cao Huanwen was the first in the chemical group, and many of the other groups were later the top leaders of Chinese modern science and technology, such as the second of the biological group. 10 years later, Chen Zhen became the academician of the Central Research Institute of the national government in 1948. Similarly, in the history of science and technology in China, Cao Huanwen was also important. Based on the excavation of several original manuscripts and one hand literature on the history of Chinese gunpowder and the history of the Yuncheng salt pool in the period of the Republic of China, the analysis was made and related to the history of modern China and the West. The study makes a comparison. First, the whole history of Chinese gunpowder, Cao Huanwen, is the first science history monograph on the origin, development and dissemination of gunpowder in modern China. Two, Cao Huanwen was the first scholar in the world to put forward and prove that "gunpowder was invented by ancient alchemists in China"; and three, Cao Huanwen's study of the study of the Yuncheng salt pond It is the first scientific work in the world to use modern chemical principles to explain the salt formation mechanism of Yuncheng salt pond and the principle of salt plate exposure to salt. In other words, with the book of "Taiyuan industrial historical material" compiled by Cao Huanwen in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, Cao Huanwen has laid a foundation for the three aspects of the study of the history of Chinese gunpowder, the study of the history of the salt pool in Yuncheng and the industrial history of Taiyuan. Based on the limit of time and materials, this paper, based on the limit of time and materials, makes a systematic and comprehensive study of the history of the history of Yuncheng's salt pool in the first two aspects of the study of the history of science and technology, namely, the history of Chinese gunpowder in the period of the most vigorous academic life in the Republic of China and the history of the salt history and the history of salt in Yuncheng. In a comparative perspective of history, this article is a study of the history of science; and from the perspective of Cao Huanwen's comparison with other relevant researchers, this article is also a study of the history of scientific history. The main body of this article is an introduction, the main body (four chapters), and the conclusion of three parts. The introduction mainly expounds the purpose and significance of the study, the status quo at home and abroad, and research Research methods, research methods, research difficulties and innovations. The frame of the text is divided into three parts: the first chapter, based on the interview of Cao Huanwen's daughter, the current Vice Chairman of the Taiyuan Municipal Science and Technology Association, Cao Huibin, combined with the Hunyuan County figures, the Taiyuan literature and history data, and the Shanxi science and technology records, the paper describes Cao Huan From the early last century to study in Japan, to the return of Shanxi industry to build Shanxi industry, and to dedicate a lifetime to industry and technology construction after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the second and third chapters are part of the related research on the history of Cao Huanwen's gunpowder: second chapters, through the world before Cao Huanwen (including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Qing Dynasty and the late eighteenth Century to the early nineteenth Century) The writings of the history of gunpowder, literature review, analysis and comparison, summarize the characteristics and Predicaments of modern gunpowder history. The third chapter made a preliminary paving for the study of Cao Huanwen gunpowder history to solve this dilemma. The third chapter, excavated and collated part of the original manuscript and one hand literature of the historiography of gunpowder, through horizontal and horizontal. The fourth chapter is a part of the related research of Cao Huanwen's Yuncheng salt pond: through the statistics and comparison of the salt history at home and abroad in the Republic of China (1911-1949) and the treatise on the Yuncheng salt pond, the characteristics of the research on the Yuncheng salt pool in the near generation are summarized. Cao Huanwen's study of salt history in the period of the Republic of China, and the study of the Yuncheng salt pond, which was published in the Northwest Industrial monthly magazine, were compared with the modern research. By comparing with the modern research, the chemical research on the chemical composition of the "nitrate plate", the source of salt pond mirabilite, the chemical effect of nitrate plate, and the evolution of salt production technology in the salt pond of Yuncheng were studied. The study of history in the history of chemical history. In particular, it was proved that Cao Huanwen used the "salt and fresh water hook principle" of the Yuncheng salt pond to solve the related problems of Sichuan well salt chemical technology, and explained that Cao Huanwen's research is the paradigm shift of the research method of Yuncheng salt pool. The conclusion part includes two aspects of internal capacity: first, a general summary of the full text; two It points out the inadequacies of this study and the direction that still needs to be made. The main innovations of this paper are as follows: 1. a number of interviews were made on Cao Huanwen's posterity by the method of oral history, and the only surviving literature of the history of Cao Huanwen's gunpowder history < the whole history of Chinese gunpowder > eight copies of the manuscript (including Cao Huan) In 1938, a diary of 96 days was recorded in the study of the history of the history of gunpowder in Xi'an. The book of salt history, which was published in the Northwest Industrial monthly magazine (1945-1947), with more than 14 thousand words in a total of 20 periods, was collected and arranged, "the study of the Yuncheng salt pond >. In addition, a large number of first-hand literature, such as" aviation machinery > (1942) and < Northwest Industrial monthly > (194), were consulted. 6) the history of Cao Huanwen's gunpowder history, "the origin of Chinese gunpowder", and "China Industrial quarterly > (1934-1935)", "China Industrial monthly > (1935-1936)", "Northwest Industrial monthly > (1946") "published in the salt pond of Yuncheng salt pool," whole Lu salt plan "," Northwest salt pond ", and so on. In the Shanxi Library The local literature reading room and the special literature reading room have found more than ten speeches or speeches in Cao Huanwen's "Ludong Lu salt salt series" and "Northwest Industrial weekly > (1946-1947)". Using a variety of domestic and international publications databases, search engines and network resources, the research works on the history of Western gunpowder history from the end of the nineteenth Century to early twentieth Century are found. By combing and analyzing the characteristics of modern western gunpowder history, ten kinds of valuable scientific writings, including "Science Outpost", "Chinese Alchemy", were analyzed and combed at the same time. After the most important research achievements and characteristics of the historiography of gunpowder, the comparison and analysis of the Cao Huanwen diary manuscript and the history paper of the gunpowder, the accurate period of the manuscript, the theoretical source of Cao Huanwen's key research conclusions, the "comparative historiography" of history, including the comparison of historical materials and the comparison of historical methods. This article is a special study. From two aspects of historical materials and historical methods, we not only emphasize the textual research of historical materials, but also pay more attention to the history of the history of modern Chinese and Western medicine and the history of salt by comparing the history of modern Chinese and Western medicine in the vertical and horizontal directions, and finally find out the bold hypothesis of Cao Huanwen's position and coordinate in the field of modern scientific history, which have never been involved or doubtful in several academic circles. And be careful to prove that, for example, Cao Huanwen may have an indirect academic exchange with Joseph Needham in the early 40s of the last century, and also proved and corrected a few points of view that the academic community has long reached consensus, such as Joseph Needham, who had been reformed in 1944 in his famous book in 1948. The important conclusion of a speech draft,.5., is the modern mainstream scientific research in Yuncheng Yanchi, which has found the origin of the research norms. For example, the three "chemical effects" of the Yuncheng nitrate plate in most authoritative works are in fact from Cao Huanwen's study on the Yuncheng salt pond in the salt pond of Yuncheng half a century ago. The temple, the Hedong Museum and the Saline Lake District Museum in Yuncheng, visiting local experts, recorded the original inscriptions of the ancient monuments, were inspired by the building and name of the temple of the pool, which gathered the salt pool culture, and supported Cao Huanwen's inference that "Yanchi technology started in the great prosperity of the Wei and Jin Dynasties".
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TQ560-09;TS3-09
，
本文编号：2168113
[Abstract]:Cao Huanwen is a famous chemical expert, industrialist and fruitful scholar in the period of the Republic of Shanxi. It is the Preparatory Committee for the Northwest Industrial Company and the main builder. It is the first deputy mayor of Taiyuan after the founding of the people's Republic of China. The research on Cao Huanwen at home and abroad has not been fully launched for decades. A few references to Cao Huanwen's manuscript are only a simple introduction to his role as a backbone of modern industrial construction in modern Shanxi and his role as a Taiyuan industrial leader after the founding of the people's Republic of China. But Cao Huanwen, the role of the historian of science and technology, which is outstanding at the same time, was neglected by the academic community for a long time "intentionally or unintentionally". In fact, in the Chinese science and technology community, Cao Huanwen is important. One example is that in 1938, Cao Huanwen was the first in the chemical group, and many of the other groups were later the top leaders of Chinese modern science and technology, such as the second of the biological group. 10 years later, Chen Zhen became the academician of the Central Research Institute of the national government in 1948. Similarly, in the history of science and technology in China, Cao Huanwen was also important. Based on the excavation of several original manuscripts and one hand literature on the history of Chinese gunpowder and the history of the Yuncheng salt pool in the period of the Republic of China, the analysis was made and related to the history of modern China and the West. The study makes a comparison. First, the whole history of Chinese gunpowder, Cao Huanwen, is the first science history monograph on the origin, development and dissemination of gunpowder in modern China. Two, Cao Huanwen was the first scholar in the world to put forward and prove that "gunpowder was invented by ancient alchemists in China"; and three, Cao Huanwen's study of the study of the Yuncheng salt pond It is the first scientific work in the world to use modern chemical principles to explain the salt formation mechanism of Yuncheng salt pond and the principle of salt plate exposure to salt. In other words, with the book of "Taiyuan industrial historical material" compiled by Cao Huanwen in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, Cao Huanwen has laid a foundation for the three aspects of the study of the history of Chinese gunpowder, the study of the history of the salt pool in Yuncheng and the industrial history of Taiyuan. Based on the limit of time and materials, this paper, based on the limit of time and materials, makes a systematic and comprehensive study of the history of the history of Yuncheng's salt pool in the first two aspects of the study of the history of science and technology, namely, the history of Chinese gunpowder in the period of the most vigorous academic life in the Republic of China and the history of the salt history and the history of salt in Yuncheng. In a comparative perspective of history, this article is a study of the history of science; and from the perspective of Cao Huanwen's comparison with other relevant researchers, this article is also a study of the history of scientific history. The main body of this article is an introduction, the main body (four chapters), and the conclusion of three parts. The introduction mainly expounds the purpose and significance of the study, the status quo at home and abroad, and research Research methods, research methods, research difficulties and innovations. The frame of the text is divided into three parts: the first chapter, based on the interview of Cao Huanwen's daughter, the current Vice Chairman of the Taiyuan Municipal Science and Technology Association, Cao Huibin, combined with the Hunyuan County figures, the Taiyuan literature and history data, and the Shanxi science and technology records, the paper describes Cao Huan From the early last century to study in Japan, to the return of Shanxi industry to build Shanxi industry, and to dedicate a lifetime to industry and technology construction after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the second and third chapters are part of the related research on the history of Cao Huanwen's gunpowder: second chapters, through the world before Cao Huanwen (including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Qing Dynasty and the late eighteenth Century to the early nineteenth Century) The writings of the history of gunpowder, literature review, analysis and comparison, summarize the characteristics and Predicaments of modern gunpowder history. The third chapter made a preliminary paving for the study of Cao Huanwen gunpowder history to solve this dilemma. The third chapter, excavated and collated part of the original manuscript and one hand literature of the historiography of gunpowder, through horizontal and horizontal. The fourth chapter is a part of the related research of Cao Huanwen's Yuncheng salt pond: through the statistics and comparison of the salt history at home and abroad in the Republic of China (1911-1949) and the treatise on the Yuncheng salt pond, the characteristics of the research on the Yuncheng salt pool in the near generation are summarized. Cao Huanwen's study of salt history in the period of the Republic of China, and the study of the Yuncheng salt pond, which was published in the Northwest Industrial monthly magazine, were compared with the modern research. By comparing with the modern research, the chemical research on the chemical composition of the "nitrate plate", the source of salt pond mirabilite, the chemical effect of nitrate plate, and the evolution of salt production technology in the salt pond of Yuncheng were studied. The study of history in the history of chemical history. In particular, it was proved that Cao Huanwen used the "salt and fresh water hook principle" of the Yuncheng salt pond to solve the related problems of Sichuan well salt chemical technology, and explained that Cao Huanwen's research is the paradigm shift of the research method of Yuncheng salt pool. The conclusion part includes two aspects of internal capacity: first, a general summary of the full text; two It points out the inadequacies of this study and the direction that still needs to be made. The main innovations of this paper are as follows: 1. a number of interviews were made on Cao Huanwen's posterity by the method of oral history, and the only surviving literature of the history of Cao Huanwen's gunpowder history < the whole history of Chinese gunpowder > eight copies of the manuscript (including Cao Huan) In 1938, a diary of 96 days was recorded in the study of the history of the history of gunpowder in Xi'an. The book of salt history, which was published in the Northwest Industrial monthly magazine (1945-1947), with more than 14 thousand words in a total of 20 periods, was collected and arranged, "the study of the Yuncheng salt pond >. In addition, a large number of first-hand literature, such as" aviation machinery > (1942) and < Northwest Industrial monthly > (194), were consulted. 6) the history of Cao Huanwen's gunpowder history, "the origin of Chinese gunpowder", and "China Industrial quarterly > (1934-1935)", "China Industrial monthly > (1935-1936)", "Northwest Industrial monthly > (1946") "published in the salt pond of Yuncheng salt pool," whole Lu salt plan "," Northwest salt pond ", and so on. In the Shanxi Library The local literature reading room and the special literature reading room have found more than ten speeches or speeches in Cao Huanwen's "Ludong Lu salt salt series" and "Northwest Industrial weekly > (1946-1947)". Using a variety of domestic and international publications databases, search engines and network resources, the research works on the history of Western gunpowder history from the end of the nineteenth Century to early twentieth Century are found. By combing and analyzing the characteristics of modern western gunpowder history, ten kinds of valuable scientific writings, including "Science Outpost", "Chinese Alchemy", were analyzed and combed at the same time. After the most important research achievements and characteristics of the historiography of gunpowder, the comparison and analysis of the Cao Huanwen diary manuscript and the history paper of the gunpowder, the accurate period of the manuscript, the theoretical source of Cao Huanwen's key research conclusions, the "comparative historiography" of history, including the comparison of historical materials and the comparison of historical methods. This article is a special study. From two aspects of historical materials and historical methods, we not only emphasize the textual research of historical materials, but also pay more attention to the history of the history of modern Chinese and Western medicine and the history of salt by comparing the history of modern Chinese and Western medicine in the vertical and horizontal directions, and finally find out the bold hypothesis of Cao Huanwen's position and coordinate in the field of modern scientific history, which have never been involved or doubtful in several academic circles. And be careful to prove that, for example, Cao Huanwen may have an indirect academic exchange with Joseph Needham in the early 40s of the last century, and also proved and corrected a few points of view that the academic community has long reached consensus, such as Joseph Needham, who had been reformed in 1944 in his famous book in 1948. The important conclusion of a speech draft,.5., is the modern mainstream scientific research in Yuncheng Yanchi, which has found the origin of the research norms. For example, the three "chemical effects" of the Yuncheng nitrate plate in most authoritative works are in fact from Cao Huanwen's study on the Yuncheng salt pond in the salt pond of Yuncheng half a century ago. The temple, the Hedong Museum and the Saline Lake District Museum in Yuncheng, visiting local experts, recorded the original inscriptions of the ancient monuments, were inspired by the building and name of the temple of the pool, which gathered the salt pool culture, and supported Cao Huanwen's inference that "Yanchi technology started in the great prosperity of the Wei and Jin Dynasties".
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TQ560-09;TS3-09
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本文编号：2168113
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/kejilunwen/sousuoyinqinglunwen/2168113.html
