量子签名协议的设计与分析

发布时间：2018-11-28 10:37

【摘要】：数字签名是现代密码学的一个重要的分支,在信息安全领域中有着广泛的应用。数字签名能够实现身份认证、数据完整性保护以及不可否认服务的功能。随着信息不断面向数字化和网络化的快速发展,随之而来的信息安全问题也是我们面临的亟待解决的问题。传统意义上的信息安全主要依靠经典密码体制为其提供安全性保障。但随着计算机运算能力的不断提高,以各种数学难题的计算复杂性为基础的经典密码体制,遭遇到了前所未有的冲击。融入了量子力学的量子密码学,相对于经典密码的计算安全而言,可以达到无条件安全,因而受到了越来越多的青睐和广泛的关注。其中,量子签名协议融合了量子密码学和数字签名技术,弥补了普通数字签名在安全性上的不足之处,广泛应用在电子现金和电子合同等电子支付系统中。在本文中,我们以当下热门的量子签名为研究方向,根据不同的应用场景下的不同需求,设计以及分析改进了多种量子签名协议,如量子盲签名、量子群签名、带有仲裁的量子签名等具体如下：在量子盲签名方面,我们提出了第一个基于双态向量形式的量子盲签名协议,通过双态向量形式,我们可以根据两次测量的结果,来推测两次测量之间的量子系统的状态,相对于普通的量子态演变的刻画,这种刻画更加的完善,我们利用这种新的量子系统的刻画,通过两次测量之间量子态的关联关系来完成盲签名协议的设计,较之前的协议而言,该协议具有更高的验证效率。之后,我们对Yang等人对此协议的改进协议进行了分析,发现并指出了其改进协议具有安全性漏洞,不能抵抗参与者攻击方案,并根据他们的建议,完善了我们的协议。另外,针对基于会话的盲签名方案中,我们从信息论角度出发,指出了量子签名协议设计中经常忽略的信息泄露问题,特别是密钥信息的泄露是很重要的安全性问题,并在此基础上,我们提出了增加部分不确定性来补充信息熵的改进方法,减少攻击者对密钥信息的获取。在量子群签名方面,我们对一种基于隐形传态的量子群签名进行了分析,并指出该类基于隐形传态设计的协议中,共有的安全性问题,即如何安全地分发初始的量子纠缠态。我们结合目前较为前沿的量子反直观方案,实现在没有光子通过量子信道的情况下,三方或者两方可以安全地共享量子纠缠,提高了协议的安全性。在有仲裁的量子签名方面,我们利用量子单向函数改进了一种带有仲裁的量子签名协议。从而避免了攻击者都可以任意伪造合法的量子签名的问题,而量子单向函数的应用可以有效地避免目前已知的带有仲裁的量子签名的模型的不安全性。
[Abstract]:Digital signature is an important branch of modern cryptography and is widely used in the field of information security. Digital signature can achieve identity authentication, data integrity protection and non-repudiation services. With the rapid development of information oriented to digital and network, the problem of information security is also an urgent problem we face. The information security in the traditional sense mainly depends on the classical cryptosystem to provide the security guarantee for it. However, with the improvement of computer computing ability, the classical cryptosystem, which is based on the computational complexity of various mathematical problems, has encountered an unprecedented impact. Quantum cryptography, which is integrated with quantum mechanics, can achieve unconditional security compared with the computational security of classical cryptography, so it has attracted more and more attention. The quantum signature protocol combines quantum cryptography and digital signature technology, which makes up for the shortcomings of general digital signature in security. It is widely used in electronic payment systems such as electronic cash and electronic contract. In this paper, we design and improve a variety of quantum signature protocols, such as blind quantum signature, quantum group signature, according to the different requirements of different application scenarios, taking the current popular quantum signature as the research direction, and according to the different requirements of different application scenarios, we design and improve a variety of quantum signature protocols, such as quantum blind signature, quantum group signature. The quantum signature with arbitration is as follows: in the aspect of quantum blind signature, we propose the first quantum blind signature protocol based on two-state vector form. To speculate on the state of the quantum system between measurements, which is more perfect than the characterization of the evolution of ordinary quantum states, we use this new characterization of quantum systems. The blind signature protocol is designed by the correlation of quantum states between two measurements. Compared with the previous protocol, the protocol has higher verification efficiency. After that, we analyze the improved protocol of Yang et al., and find out that the improved protocol has security vulnerabilities and can not resist the participant attack scheme. According to their suggestions, we improve our protocol. In addition, in view of the blind signature scheme based on session, we point out the problem of information leakage which is often neglected in the design of quantum signature protocol from the angle of information theory, especially the key information disclosure is an important security problem. On this basis, we propose an improved method of adding some uncertainties to supplement the information entropy, which can reduce the access to key information by attackers. In the aspect of quantum group signature, we analyze a kind of quantum group signature based on teleportation, and point out the common security problem in this kind of protocol based on teleportation, that is, how to distribute the initial quantum entangled state safely. Combining with the current advanced quantum anti-intuitive scheme, we realize that the quantum entanglement can be safely shared between the three or two parties without photon passing through the quantum channel, which improves the security of the protocol. In the case of quantum signature with arbitration, we improve a quantum signature protocol with arbitration by using quantum unidirectional function. Thus, the problem of arbitrary forgery of legitimate quantum signature can be avoided, and the application of quantum unidirectional function can effectively avoid the insecurity of known models with arbitration quantum signature.
【学位授予单位】：北京邮电大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：O413.1;TN918.91

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