基于协作MIMO的WSN节能路由算法研究

发布时间：2018-12-16 16:23

【摘要】：无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)是由大量传感器节点组成的部署在监测区域的分布式网络,其能够以协作的方式对网络区域内的多种目标数据进行监测、感知、采集和处理,并以自组织多跳的方式将处理后的数据发送至观察者。WSN最大的限制就是传感器节点的能量有限并不可替代。路由负责将源节点采集的数据经中继节点转发汇集至目的节点,在这个过程中会消耗大量的能量。所以,降低传感器节点的能量消耗,设计一个能够尽可能延长WSN生存周期的路由算法,对长期运行的WSN来说是最具挑战性的问题。现有的路由算法多是基于单输入单输出(Single-Input Single-Output,SISO)系统设计而成,存在传输能耗高且不可靠的缺点。随着通信技术、嵌入式技术和传感技术的发展,路由算法的设计要求能够适应更大规模的网络,并且与其他技术也要结合起来。研究表明,在相同的信噪比条件下,多输入多输出(Multi-Input Multi-Output,MIMO)系统相比SISO系统可以提供更加可靠的通信。在WSN中引入协作MIMO技术,节点间通过协作通信可以产生分集增益,提高网络的性能和降低能耗。本文在目前已有研究的基础上,针对WSN能量有限、能耗不均衡的特点,基于协作MIMO技术,提出一种能耗均衡的协作路由算法—EBCR算法(Energy Balanced Cooperative Routing Algorithm)。该算法首先根据网络中的最优域首数目,基于虚拟网格算法,将WSN部署区域内的网络分割成域。针对虚拟网格算法在域首节点选举阶段的不足进行改进。在每个区域中选取靠近质心、剩余能量大的节点作为域首。这样,可以在保证全网均匀分域的前提下,确保域首节点均匀分布。其次,为了使协作MIMO技术能够更好的应用于WSN中,提出了能量高效的协作节点选择算法。在选择协作节点时,首先根据预设的信噪比门限范围来确定协作节点的可选集合,再综合考虑可选节点的剩余能量、信道状态和到达域首节点的距离,选择出域首节点的最优协作节点。在域间数据转发过程中,基于博弈论,提出了能耗均衡的域间路由算法,该算法综合考虑可选域首节点的剩余能量、距离汇聚节点通信跳数、能量密度、节点间通信距离等因素,构造出一个全新的效益函数,通过效益函数可以选择出受益最大的节点作为数据中继转发节点,进行数据转发。实验结果表明:EBCR算法较MIMO-LEACH算法和HEED算法在网络生存时间,能量效率,平衡网络能耗方面都有较大改善。
[Abstract]:Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network,WSN) is a distributed network which consists of a large number of sensor nodes deployed in the monitoring area. It can monitor, perceive, collect and process a variety of target data in the network area in a cooperative manner. The biggest limitation of WSN is that the energy of sensor nodes is limited and can not be replaced. Routing is responsible for forwarding the data collected by the source node to the destination node through the relay node, which consumes a lot of energy in the process. Therefore, reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes and designing a routing algorithm that can prolong the lifetime of WSN as much as possible is the most challenging problem for long-running WSN. Most of the existing routing algorithms are based on single input and single output (Single-Input Single-Output,SISO) systems, which have the disadvantages of high transmission energy consumption and unreliable transmission. With the development of communication technology, embedded technology and sensor technology, the design of routing algorithm needs to adapt to the larger network and combine with other technologies. It is shown that the multi-input multiple-output (Multi-Input Multi-Output,MIMO) system can provide more reliable communication than the SISO system under the same SNR condition. With the introduction of cooperative MIMO technology in WSN, the diversity gain can be generated by cooperative communication between nodes, the performance of the network can be improved and the energy consumption can be reduced. In this paper, based on the existing research, aiming at the characteristics of limited energy and unbalanced energy consumption of WSN, based on cooperative MIMO technology, a cooperative routing algorithm, EBCR algorithm (Energy Balanced Cooperative Routing Algorithm)., is proposed to equalize energy consumption. According to the optimal number of domain heads in the network, the algorithm first divides the network in the WSN deployment area into domains based on the virtual grid algorithm. Aiming at the deficiency of virtual grid algorithm in the election stage of the first node in the domain, the improvement is carried out. In each region, the nodes close to the center of mass and with large residual energy are selected as the domain heads. In this way, we can ensure the uniform distribution of the first node in the whole network under the premise of ensuring the uniform division of the whole network. Secondly, in order to make cooperative MIMO technology better applied in WSN, an energy-efficient cooperative node selection algorithm is proposed. In the selection of cooperative nodes, the optional set of cooperative nodes is first determined according to the preset SNR threshold range, and then the residual energy, channel state and distance to the first node in the domain are considered synthetically. Select the optimal cooperative node of the first node of the domain. In the process of inter-domain data forwarding, based on game theory, an inter-domain routing algorithm with balanced energy consumption is proposed. The algorithm considers the residual energy of the first node of the optional domain, the number of hops and the energy density of the distance convergent node. Based on the communication distance between nodes, a new benefit function is constructed, through which the most beneficial node can be selected as the data relay forwarding node for data forwarding. The experimental results show that the EBCR algorithm is better than MIMO-LEACH algorithm and HEED algorithm in network lifetime, energy efficiency and balance network energy consumption.
【学位授予单位】：兰州交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TN919.3;TP212.9;TN929.5

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