一种基于PLC控制的全自动水肥一体化系统的设计与实现

发布时间：2018-09-14 19:48

【摘要】：[目的]:随着现代农业信息技术的应用和滴灌技术日益的发展,新疆南北疆的设施农业作物的推广种植得到了快速崛起,然而绝大多数设施农业的灌溉水和化肥施用没有节制,浪费严重、利用率较低。如何提高水肥和土地资源的利用效率,实现作物精准灌溉施肥,成为当前新疆设施农业发展进程中的一个难点和热点。鉴于此,因地制宜的开发一套适合我国国情以及新疆本土的低成本、高效率、实用性的全自动水肥一体化系统,结合黄沙基质栽培技术把该套系统应用在设施农业作物栽培上,不仅成为现代农业发展的需要,也成为带动新疆以及兵团少数民族地区干旱生态农业实现可持续发展的关键。[方法]:该系统由控制中心、灌溉施肥系统、土壤墒情采集系统三大模块构成。控制系统中心采用PLC(可编程控制器)技术和触摸显示屏技术相结合,通过触摸显示屏界面选择水池和自来水两种灌溉水源方式,设定手动和自动两种水肥运行模式、水肥参数,可实现水肥的定时定量以及自动化控制。灌溉施肥系统由两个文丘里吸肥器、一个灌溉通道、两个吸肥器控制电动球阀、四个灌溉电动球阀、潜水泵、离心泵、液位仪等PVC管件组成,采用电动球阀作为灌溉和施肥的开关控件结合文丘里吸肥器可均匀稳定的实现四个温室大棚相同作物或不同作物的水肥控制,同时针对不同作物各个时期水肥需求,制定匹配的灌溉与施肥方案。土壤墒情采集系统由土壤水分/EC为一体的传感器、无线采集模块、无线传输模块三部分构成,这一模块的设计可对作物根际灌溉水的含量和电导率精准控制和实时调节。[结果]:本文设计的基于PLC控制的全自动水肥一体化系统,通过设定作物不同生育期的水肥参数,N、P、K和微肥的比例,采用黄沙作为栽培基质与系统的结合,在新疆南北疆设施温室大棚高产栽培种植项目上的应用实现了四座温室大棚不同作物的水肥的精准控制。以PLC+触摸屏为控制中心模块,稳定可靠;灌溉装置采用独立管道由PLC直接控制,通过触摸显示屏的按键一键启动灌溉,当传感器侦测到土壤容积含水量达到提前设置好的水分上线时,自动关闭灌溉模式;施肥装置由两条施肥通道与灌溉管路并联,可独立开启,通过监测土壤EC值,控制肥料的用量,达到精准施肥的目的;水分/EC传感器针对作物根部土壤水分以及EC值的动态监测,可实现水肥定时定量供给和实时调控。无线采集模块和传输模块和传感器的有效结合,并且将其优化应用于整个系统中,提高了土壤数据采集的效率,实现真正精准灌溉施肥。通过新疆南北疆设施园区示范表明;通过作物不同生育期的灌溉参数、肥料配比、施肥参数的设计和控制,全自动水肥一体化系统控制下栽培的西瓜和番木瓜整个生育期基质容积含水量保持在10%~22%、15%~22.5%,EC值在0.32 m S/cm~1.25m S/cm、0.21m S/cm~1.15 m S/cm,实现了南疆皮山农场设施园区西瓜及北疆伊犁谊群设施园区番木瓜在黄沙基质上的标准化高效栽培及水肥精准控制。
[Abstract]:[Objective] With the application of modern agricultural information technology and the development of drip irrigation technology, the popularization and planting of protected agricultural crops in northern and southern Xinjiang have been rapidly rising. However, most of the irrigation water and fertilizer application in protected agriculture are unrestrained, wasted seriously and the utilization rate is low. How to improve the utilization efficiency of water, fertilizer and land resources In view of this, it is necessary to develop a set of low-cost, high-efficiency and practical automatic water and fertilizer integration system suitable for China's national conditions as well as Xinjiang's local conditions. The system is applied to the establishment in combination with the cultivation techniques of yellow sand substrate. On the cultivation of agricultural crops, it is not only the need of modern agriculture development, but also the key to drive the sustainable development of arid eco-agriculture in Xinjiang and minority areas. Controller) technology and touch screen technology combined, through the touch screen interface selection pool and tap water two irrigation water sources, set manual and automatic two water and fertilizer operation modes, water and fertilizer parameters, can achieve water and fertilizer timing quantitative and automatic control. Two fertilizer suckers control electric ball valves, four irrigation electric ball valves, submersible pumps, centrifugal pumps, level meters and other PVC pipe components, using electric ball valves as irrigation and fertilization switching controls combined with Venturi fertilizer suckers can evenly and steadily achieve the same crop or different crop water and fertilizer control in four greenhouses, at the same time for different crops. Soil moisture acquisition system consists of three parts: soil moisture / EC sensor, wireless acquisition module and wireless transmission module. The design of this module can precisely control and real-time adjust the content and conductivity of crop rhizosphere irrigation water. The automatic water and fertilizer integration system based on PLC control realized the application of water and fertilizer in four greenhouse greenhouses of different crops by setting the water and fertilizer parameters of different growth stages, the ratio of N, P, K and micro-fertilizer, and the combination of yellow sand as the cultivation substrate and system. Precision control. PLC + touch screen is used as control center module, which is stable and reliable. The irrigation device is directly controlled by PLC through an independent pipe, and the irrigation is started by touching the button of the display screen. When the sensor detects that the soil volumetric water content reaches the pre-set water content, the irrigation mode is automatically closed. The channel can be opened in parallel with the irrigation pipeline independently, and the purpose of precise fertilization can be achieved by monitoring the EC value of soil and controlling the amount of fertilizer. The water/EC sensor can realize the timely and quantitative supply and real-time regulation of water and fertilizer for the dynamic monitoring of soil moisture and EC value of crop roots. Through the demonstration of the facility Park in the north and south of Xinjiang, it shows that through the design and control of irrigation parameters, fertilizer ratio, fertilizer parameters in different growth stages of crops, watermelon cultivated under the control of the automatic integrated water and fertilizer system. In the whole growth period, the volume water content of the substrate was maintained at 10%~22%, 15%~22.5%, EC value was 0.32 m S/cm~1.25 m S/cm, 0.21 m S/cm~1.15 m S/cm. The standardized cultivation of watermelon in the Facility Garden of Pishan Farm in South Xinjiang and the precision control of water and fertilizer in the Facility Garden of Yili Yiqun in North Xinjiang were realized.
【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TP273;S365

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