中亚跨境水资源合作—非正式国际机制的视角

发布时间：2018-03-26 06:29

本文选题：中亚　切入点：跨境水资源合作　出处：《上海师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：在布热津斯基的著作《大棋局：美国的首要地位及其地缘战略》中，中亚地区被称为欧亚大陆的巴尔干，该地区的国家“不仅政体不稳定，而且还吸引和诱使较强大的邻国的入侵，而入侵的每个大国又都决心反对任何一个其他大国主宰这个地区”。该地区是“种族的大熔炉”，该地区大多数国家的“边境不是与邻国有主权争议，就是存在着种族仇恨，单一民族的国家极少，有些国家甚至已经陷于领土、种族或者宗教等的暴力冲突之中”。但布热津斯基同时也强调中亚地区在地缘政治上是极其重要的，“它们将控制一个必将出现的旨在更直接地连接欧亚大陆东西最富裕最勤劳的两端的运输网”，并且中亚地区还有重要的经济地位，“本地区集中了巨大的天然气和石油储藏以及包括黄金在内的重要矿产资源”。既脆弱又价值非凡就是中亚地区的整体状态，既有很多棘手的“痛点”，又有极大的潜力。中亚地区的跨境水资源合作问题就是这些“痛点”之一。中亚地区地处欧亚大陆腹地，气候以大陆型气候为主，长年干燥，虽拥有大量的冰川与径流量颇大的地表河流，但是大量的冰川水需要技术与资金去开发，而径流量颇大的地表河流由于大多为跨境河流而成为中亚各国长期无法解开的死结。中亚各国基本都是农业国家，并且中亚国家的农业又多是以耗水型的灌溉作物为主，因此水对于中亚各国来说意义重大。不仅如此，中亚地区虽矿藏丰富，但作为河流上游国家的塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦矿藏储备却远不及下游国家，特别是用作发电与供暖的煤矿和天然气，因此水资源对于上游国家还意味着电力、供暖来源。一场灌溉与电能的纷争就这样持续不断的上演，并且一直呈现螺旋上升，向不断恶化的方向发展。水资源争端渐渐成为了欧亚大陆巴尔干新的“痛点”与导火索。“中亚地水的短缺使得水成了国家之间和国家内部的一种经常性的低度紧张的根源。”国际资源与安全研究专家彼得?格莱科认为，在像中亚这样水短缺和争夺尖锐的地区，水已经成了“高位政治”的内容，并且“与水相联系的冲突的可能性正在增加”。由于中亚地区跨境水资源问题的自然地理特点与历史经济特点，，苏联解体后，中亚地区五个新独立的国家毫不犹豫的开始建立围绕跨境水资源合作的国际机制。由于非正式国际机制在速度、简易性、灵活性和私密性四个方面有着突出的优势，所以独立初期，中亚五国所建立的跨境水资源国际机制基本以非正式国际机制为主。在独立初期的这段时间内，非正式国际机制为中亚地区跨境水资源合作提供了对话的平台，增强了地区围绕水资源问题的合作意识，促进了地区跨境水资源管理一体化的形成。与此同时，回顾过去，立足当下，放眼未来，中亚地区现有围绕跨境水资源合作的非正式国际机制仍存在不少问题，如若这些问题得不到有效的解决，中亚地区跨境水资源合作便无法继续深化，已取得的成绩也将失去意义。本文将以非正式国际机制理论为视角，对中亚地区现有跨境水资源合作机制进行回顾与梳理，并结合中亚地区地理特点与历史经济特点解释现有合作机制形成的原因，在此基础上为中亚地区跨境水资源合作的未来发展提出几点建议。
[Abstract]:In Brzezinski's book "the grand chessboard: American primacy and its geopolitical strategy in Central Asia", known as the Eurasian Balkans, countries in the region not only "regime is not stable, but also to attract and entice more powerful neighbors invaded, and each country and are determined to oppose any invasion of one of the other country dominate the region. The region is the" melting pot "race, most of the countries of the region border with neighboring countries is not disputed, is the existence of racial hatred, single nation state is few, some countries have even caught in territorial violence, race or religion." but Brzezinski also stressed. Central Asia is extremely important in geopolitics, "they will control more directly connected to Eurasia things the most affluent ends of the most industrious one will appear in the Transport network, and Central Asia has important economic status. "The region has concentrated huge natural gas and oil storage as well as important mineral resources including gold."
It is not only fragile but also of great value, that is, the overall state of the Central Asian region, with a lot of difficult "pain points" and great potential.
One of the central problems of cross-border water resources cooperation is the "pain points". Central Asia is located in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, the climate with continental climate, long and dry, although have a large number of glaciers and considerable surface runoff rivers, but the amount of glacier water needs technology and funds to develop, and runoff big river due mostly to cross-border River and become the Central Asian countries could not untie the knot. The Central Asian countries are agricultural countries, and Central Asian countries and is based on the water consumption of agricultural irrigation water for crops, so the Central Asian countries is of great significance. Moreover, Central Asia is rich in minerals, but as the upper reaches of the river and the state of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyzstan mineral reserves is far less than the downstream countries, especially for power generation and heating of coal and natural gas, so the water resources for Tourism also means the source of electricity and heating. A dispute between irrigation and electricity has been going on like this. It has been spiralling up and developing steadily.
Water resources has gradually become the new "pain points" and "Eurasia Balkan fuse. Shortage of water makes the water in Central Asia to a source of current between and within countries of low tension." international resources and security expert Peter Greco? Think in this like Central Asia water shortage and sharp competition the area, water has become a "high politics" content, "and the possibility of conflict with water is increasing.
Due to the geographical characteristics of the water resources in Central Asia and the history of cross-border economic characteristics, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the five new independent countries in Central Asia did not hesitate to start the establishment of international cooperation mechanism on cross-border water resources. Due to the informal international mechanism in speed, simplicity, has outstanding advantages in four aspects of flexibility and privacy so, early independence, cross-border water resources international mechanism established by the five Central Asian countries basic to informal international regimes. This period of time in the early days of independence in providing a platform for dialogue mechanism for informal international cross-border water resources in Central Asia cooperation, enhance the area around the issue of water resources cooperation consciousness, promote the formation of cross-border integration of water resource management area. At the same time, in the past, based on the present, look to the future, the existing water resources in Central Asia around cross-border cooperation in informal There are still many problems in the interregional mechanism. If these problems are not effectively solved, the cooperation of cross border water resources in Central Asia will not continue to deepen, and the achievements we have achieved will also be meaningless.
The informal international mechanism from the perspective of the theory of the existing cross-border water resources cooperation mechanism in Central Asia. The review combined with the geographical features of the Central Asian region and the economic characteristics of historical explanation form existing cooperation mechanism, on the basis of cooperation for the future development of cross-border water resources in Central Asia and put forward some suggestions.

【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TV213.4;D81

【参考文献】