黄旗海流域生态需水与水资源短缺研究

发布时间：2019-03-07 11:10

【摘要】：水是维持生态系统健康的重要组成部分,随着城镇化、工业化的迅速发展以及人口剧增,水资源短缺问题日益突出,不合理的取用水方式造成河流生态需水不足,生态系统退化。现有的水资源短缺评价方法大多侧重于人类社会用水的评价,忽略了生态需水部分。对河流生态需水量进行核算,并考虑生态需水进行流域水资源短缺评价对于流域生态系统保护与流域水资源综合管理利用具有重要意义。本文以位于我国干旱半干旱区的内蒙古黄旗海流域为研究对象,构建适用于黄旗海流域的APEX模型,模拟流域水文过程；运用Tennant方法估算不同栖息地质量水平下的河流生态需水量；综合考虑水质、水量及河流生态需水情况,评价黄旗海流域水资源短缺状况。研究结果表明：(1)APEX模型在黄旗海流域应用效果较好,可以用于流域水文过程模拟和河流生态需水研究：校准期和验证期的径流量和产沙量各项评价指标Ens值在0.43到0.75之间,R2值在0.52到0.81之间,APE值小于20%。(2)近30年来黄旗海流域河流径流量年际间变化大,总体呈下降趋势：黄旗海流域径流量存在时空分布不均的现象,4-9月的产流量占全年河流径流总量的90%以上,且北边两条主要河流径流量是其他河流的10倍以上。黄旗海流域河流栖息地维持在“好”的质量水平时,流域河流生态需水量占其多年平均蓝水资源总量的26%。(3)黄旗海流域同时面临着水质型缺水和水量型缺水问题,且年内水资源表现出不可持续现象：流域多年平均蓝水资源总量为1.44亿m3／a,蓝水足迹占流域蓝水资源总量的94%；而灰水足迹则高达20亿m3/a,约是流域水资源总量的14倍；维持河流栖息地质量水平在“好”的水平时,综合考虑水量与水质与河流生态需水黄旗海流域的缺水指标数值高达15.5,且同时存在水量型和水质型缺水问题。此外,黄旗海流域5月、6月、7月的蓝水足迹大于流域水资源总量,呈现出年内水资源不可持续利用的现象。黄旗海流域属于典型的同时存在水量型和水质型缺水的内陆流域。因此,在进行流域水资源综合管理时,综合考虑水量、水质及生态需水问题,实施最严格水资源管理制度,发展节水农业,减少污染物排放,加强污染治理,从而缓解当地水资源短缺压力并实现水资源可持续利用。
[Abstract]:Water is an important part of maintaining ecosystem health. With the rapid development of urbanization, industrialization and population, the shortage of water resources is becoming more and more serious. Ecosystem degradation. Most of the existing water shortage assessment methods focus on the evaluation of water use in human society and ignore the ecological water demand. It is of great significance for the protection of watershed ecosystem and the comprehensive management and utilization of watershed water resources to calculate the ecological water demand of rivers and to evaluate the shortage of river basin water resources considering the ecological water requirements. In this paper, the Yellow Qi Sea basin in Inner Mongolia, which is located in the arid and semi-arid region of China, is taken as the research object, and the APEX model suitable for the Yellow Qi Sea basin is constructed to simulate the hydrological process of the basin. The Tennant method was used to estimate the ecological water requirements of rivers under different habitat quality levels, and the water quality, water quantity and ecological water requirements of rivers were comprehensively considered to evaluate the water resources shortage in the Yellow Flag Sea Basin. The results show that: (1) the application of APEX model in Huangqi Sea Basin is better. It can be used in watershed hydrological process simulation and river ecological water demand research: the Ens values of runoff and sediment yield in calibration period and verification period are between 0.43 and 0.75, and R2 values are between 0.52 and 0.81, and the values of runoff and sediment yield are in the range of 0.43 to 0.75 and from 0.52 to 0.81, respectively. The APE value is less than 20%. (2) in the past 30 years, the annual variation of river runoff in the Huangqi Sea Basin has been great, and the overall trend is decreasing: there is a phenomenon of uneven spatial and temporal distribution of the runoff in the Huangqi Sea Basin. The runoff from April to September accounted for more than 90% of the total runoff of the whole year, and the runoff of the two main rivers in the north was more than 10 times as much as that of other rivers. When the river habitat of the Huangqi Sea Basin is maintained at a "good" quality level, the ecological water demand of the river basin accounts for 26% of the total annual average blue water resources. (3) at the same time, the Yellow Qi Sea Basin is faced with the problems of water quality type and water volume type. Moreover, the annual water resources showed unsustainable phenomenon: the average annual total blue water resources was 144 million m3 / a, and the blue water footprint accounted for 94% of the total blue water resources in the basin. But the ash water footprint is as high as 2 billion m3 / a, which is about 14 times of the total water resources of the basin. When the quality level of river habitat is maintained at "good" level, the value of water shortage index is up to 15.5 when water quantity, water quality and ecological water requirement are considered, and there are both water quantity type and water quality type water shortage problem. In addition, the blue water footprint of the Yellow River Basin in May, June and July is larger than the total water resources of the basin, showing the phenomenon of unsustainable utilization of water resources during the year. Huangqi Sea basin is a typical inland basin which has water quantity and water quality at the same time. Therefore, in the integrated management of river basin water resources, comprehensive consideration should be given to the problems of water quantity, water quality and ecological water demand, the implementation of the strictest water resources management system, the development of water-saving agriculture, the reduction of pollutant emissions, and the strengthening of pollution control. In order to alleviate the local water shortage pressure and achieve sustainable use of water resources.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TV213.4

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