丽江古城形成发展与纳西族文化变迁

发布时间：2017-12-31 09:29

本文关键词：丽江古城形成发展与纳西族文化变迁　出处：《中央民族大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 丽江古城是联合国教科文组织确认的“世界文化遗产”和国务院公布的“中国历史文化名城”之一，它具有独特的山城之容和水城之貌，又蕴含了浓厚的纳西族独特的“和而不同”文化特征，正是因为这一特征，才吸引了四面八方的中外游客源源不断地来细细品味丽江古城的魅力。本文通过对云南丽江古城的起源形成及发展的过程探讨，运用民族史和民族志的方法，深入研究丽江古城的建筑文化在不同时代所反映出的纳西族的“和而不同”的文化特征，以及文化特征的变化。文章共分为八个部分：绪论。主要论述选题的理论意义和实践意义、学术界在该领域的研究状况以及本论文的研究方案、方法和创新之处等。第一章：丽江纳西族人居环境的基本情况。主要内容为孕育丽江古城生成的自然环境与人文环境具有“和而不同”的文化特点。在丽江坝子中，旧石器时代就发现有人类活动的遗迹，从旧石器时代到秦以前，无论从考古发现、汉文文献还是东巴经典中都记录了纳西族先民活动的轨迹，为研究丽江古城的诞生以及纳西族的起源提供了“和而不同”文化特征的背景。第二章：胚胎时期的丽江古城与纳西族文化形成。主要内容为，纳西族先民虽然长期处于“依山附险，酋寨星列，不相统摄”的松散状态，但逐渐形成了一定数量的早期自然聚落。唐代，在丽江玉龙雪山山麓，出现了纳西族的宗教庙宇以及纳西民族独特的保护神。元代，纳西族先民的一支部落抓住机遇把分散的部落统一成为在滇西北占有一席之地的民族。与此同时，东巴教以及东巴象形图画文字也逐步出现，由于纳西族先民处于游动而分散的状态，很自然地吸收了中华民族大家庭其他成员的文化，纳西族文化“和而不同”的特点开始出现。这可以从宗教建筑及民居建筑所体现出的文化特点得到印证。第三章：明代古城面貌形成与木氏土司文化。主要内容为，明代古城开挖西河，兴建木氏土司的宫廷式官坻建筑群确定了丽江古城的基本格局，其建筑文化以木氏土司府为代表；宗教文化艺术以白沙的宗教建筑为代表。木氏土司府的建筑特点表现为以纳西东巴文化为本，外来汉文化为体的纳西土司文化，，体出了“和而不同”的建筑特点。从白沙宗教建筑和壁画所反映的内容上看，在精神文化和艺术文化方面，同样体现了“和而不同”的特点。民间文化是由外来的移民和本地的土著居民共创的，以民居文化为代表，其特点为多元文化共存。第四章：清初改土归流与古城民间文化发展。主要内容为，清代丽江地区改土归流，在丽江古城东面兴建流官府，其中包括府衙、县衙、雪山书院、文庙、武庙(关帝庙)、城隍庙、东岳庙和玄天阁等等一系列建筑。为解决城内军民的生活用水等问题，开挖东河，使古城城区范围较大幅度地向东拓展，并最终确定下来保留至今。由于流官推行的文化对纳西族文化产生了深刻的影响，不仅影响到城市建筑，而且也影响到纳西民间生活，重要的是学官下移到民间。宗教文化方面，在丽江古城周边建立了藏传宗教寺庙，其文化特点为藏文化纳西化，而在古城内的建筑特点为汉文化纳西化，推动着纳西族建筑文化的继续发展。第五章：近代古城商业及建筑文化的繁荣。主要内容为，清代咸丰、同治年间的战乱以后，古城几乎毁于一旦。此后，由于茶马古道的兴起与丽江“工合”运动的发展，使得丽江古城成为滇西北的经济重镇，四方街成为各方交易市场的中心，古城的街道成为商街，形成了纳西商聚居区、藏商聚居区、白商聚居区、汉商聚居区等不同商街。上述民族的商业文化荟萃在一起，取长补短，推动丽江古城的经济繁荣，并带动了城市建筑的发展，形成了以纳西族建筑风格为主导，多种艺术风格兼收并蓄，交相辉映的建筑文化景观。不同类型的民居建筑也是如此。民居建筑折射出人与自然和谐相处，人与人和谐相处的丰富内涵。第六章：走向世界的丽江古城纳西文化。主要内容为，中华人民共和国成立后，丽江古城得到了完整的保存。但1996年却遭受到大地震的破坏，尤其是民居建筑。地震后，丽江古城在最短的时间内，以“修旧如旧”的原则，重现了古城的原貌，还成功地申报为世界文化遗产，由此获得了巨大的商机，同时，也给丽江古城的自然环境和人文环境带来了一些变化。在全球化背景下，纳西族以开放的心态和强大的民族自信心抓住机遇，一方面动态发扬本民族文化，另一方面积极吸收外来文化，使丽江古城不仅散发着古朴的气息，同时也散发着现代的气息，这也是“和而不同”文化特点的具体表现。正因如此，丽江古城才更有魅力吸引中国仍至世界各地的目光。结语。本文通过对丽江古城形成发展与纳西族文化变迁的分析研究，探讨地方民族文化与现代化共生、共存，以达到弘扬民族优秀文化，繁荣中华民族“和而不同”文化的目的。
[Abstract]:Old Town of Lijiang is a UNESCO "world cultural heritage" and the State Council released the "Chinese historical and cultural city, it has a unique mountain city and Shuicheng appearance, but also contains a strong Naxi unique cultural characteristics of" harmony but not Sameness ", it is because of this feature, it has attracted from all sides the Chinese and foreign tourists Everfount to savor the charm of Old Town of Lijiang. This paper discusses the formation and development of the origin of the Old Town of Lijiang of Yunnan, using the method of history and ethnography, in-depth study of the construction of the Old Town of Lijiang culture in different times reflect the Naxi" harmony but not Sameness "cultural characteristics, cultural characteristics and changes. The article is divided into eight parts:
The introduction mainly discusses the theoretical and practical significance of the topic, the research status of the academic field in this field and the research scheme, method and innovation of this paper.
The first chapter: the basic situation of Lijiang Naxi living environment. The main content is pregnant with Old Town of Lijiang production of natural environment and humanistic environment with cultural characteristics of "harmony but not Sameness". In the Lijiang basin, the Paleolithic found remains of human activity, from the Paleolithic age to Qin Dynasty, found that in terms of archaeology, Chinese literature or Dongba classic are recorded in Naxi Nationality Ancestors trajectory, provides the background of the cultural characteristic of "harmony but not Sameness" of the birth of the Old Town of Lijiang and the origin of Naxi nationality.
The second chapter: the embryonic period of Old Town of Lijiang and the formation of the Naxi nationality culture. The main content is that although the ancestors of the Naxi long in the mountain full of danger, Qiu Zhai Xing, a loose state not leading, but gradually formed a natural settlement. The number of early Tang Dynasty, Li Jiangyu in the Dragon Snow Mountain, the Naxi the religious temples and Naxi nationality unique protection of God. The Yuan Dynasty, a tribe of Naxi ancestors of the tribe dispersed to seize the opportunity to occupy a space for one person to become in the northwest of Yunnan Nationalities. At the same time, the Dongba Dongba pictograph painting and writing is also gradually appear, because the ancestors of the Naxi in swimming and dispersed state, naturally the absorption of other members of the family of the Chinese nation culture, the characteristics of Naxi culture, "harmony but not Sameness" began to appear. This can be reflected from the religious buildings and architectural culture The characteristics are confirmed.
The third chapter: the ancient city of Ming Dynasty landscape formation and chieftain Mu culture. The main content is that the ancient city of Ming Dynasty River excavation, construction chieftain Mu palace official buildings to determine the basic pattern of islet of Old Town of Lijiang, the architectural culture with the chieftains Mu palace as the representative of religious culture; religious art in Baisha building as the representative. Architectural features chieftain Mu palace is characterized by Naxi Dongba culture, Han culture for the body of the Naxi Tusi culture, embody the "architectural characteristics. As reflected in the harmony but not Sameness" Baisha murals of religious buildings and contents, in the spirit of culture and art culture, also reflects the characteristics of "harmony but not Sameness". A folk culture is a composed of immigrants and local aborigines, with residential culture as the representative of the characteristics of multicultural coexistence.
The fourth chapter: the early Qing Dynasty chieftain and ancient folk culture development. The main content is that the Lijiang area in the Qing Dynasty chieftain, built in the government flow east of Old Town of Lijiang, including the government, county government, snow academy, Confucious'temple, Temple (Guan Yu Temple), Town God's Temple Dongyue Temple and Xuan Tian Ge and so on a series of buildings. To solve the problem of drinking water for military and civilian city excavation of the East River, the ancient city of the city greatly broadened eastwards, has remained until now. Because of the flow of official culture have had a profound impact on Naxi culture, not only affects the city construction, but also affect the Naxi folk life, it is important to the government down to the folk religious culture. Around the Old Town of Lijiang, Tibetan Buddhism temples were established, the cultural characteristics of Tibetan culture of Naxi, and architectural features in the ancient city of the Han culture, westernization, promote the construction of Naxi Nationality The continuous development of the construction of culture.
The fifth chapter: the modern city commercial building and cultural prosperity. The main content is that the Qing Dynasty Xianfeng, Tongzhi years after the war, the city almost be destroyed on one day. Since then, due to the development of Lijiang and the rise of "tea horse road ICM, making Old Town of Lijiang become the economic center of the northwest of Yunnan Province, square street to become parties to the trade market center the streets of the ancient city, become a commercial street, forming a business of Naxi ghettos, taking Tibetan inhabited areas, the white business community, business in different areas. The National Commercial Street commercial cultures together, learn from each other, to promote the economic prosperity of the Old Town of Lijiang, and led to the development of city construction, formed by the Naxi architecture a variety of artistic style, style eclectic, architectural and cultural landscape. Each other is so different types of residential buildings. Residential architecture reflects the harmony between man and nature, man and man and The rich connotations of harmonious coexistence.
The sixth chapter: to the world of the Old Town of Lijiang Naxi culture. The main content is that after the establishment of People's Republic of China, the Old Town of Lijiang has been completely preserved. But in 1996 was greatly damaged in the earthquake, especially residential buildings. After the earthquake, the Old Town of Lijiang in the shortest possible time, in order to "repair old as the old" principle, to reproduce the ancient city the original, also succeeded in the declaration of the world cultural heritage, thus obtained the huge business opportunities, but also to the Old Town of Lijiang at the same time, the natural environment and human environment has brought some changes. Under the background of globalization, the Naxi people to open mind and strong national self-confidence to seize the opportunity, on the one hand dynamic carry forward the national culture, on the other on the one hand and actively absorb foreign culture, so Old Town of Lijiang exudes elegant atmosphere, but also exudes a modern atmosphere, this is the concrete manifestation of "harmony but not Sameness" cultural characteristics. For this reason, Old Town of Lijiang is more attractive to attract China's eyes all over the world.
Conclusion: through the analysis and research of the formation and development of the Old Town of Lijiang and the change of Naxi culture, this paper discusses the symbiosis and coexistence of the local national culture and modernization, so as to achieve the goal of developing the national excellent culture and flourishing the "harmonious but different" culture of the Chinese nation.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K285.7

【引证文献】