共同体的维度——现代国家建构中的族群问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 20:16

本文选题：现代国家 + 族群　；参考：《中央民族大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 族群与国家是两类性质不同的共同体,它们各自有着不同的维系纽带,发展轨迹也各不相同,在人类社会历史发展过程中发挥着不同的作用。族群是人类因为自然分布原因或由于特殊的社会运动而形成的,主要以认同为维系纽带的文化共同体,是人类文化的主要载体,它主要通过一些仪式、符号、节日、传说,发挥着为人们提供精神归属和自我身份确认的作用。族群早在人类进入文明时代以前,就已经产生。国家的出现,则是人类进入文明社会的标志之一,它是人类社会在出现财富、阶级分化之后,为了避免社会冲突过于激烈而导致人类社会毁灭,由特定阶级的代表人依据其阶级利益而做出的对社会秩序的理性设计。国家主要通过一系列价值、制度、组织机构,来约束人们的行为,对社会资源与利益进行权威分配,进而形成一定的社会秩序。发端于西欧的“现代化”进程,改变了人类经济发展形式与社会生活方式,进而促成了“现代性”发育。“现代性”是指由“现代化”进程催生的,与“现代化”进程启动之前不同的一系列人类理念、价值、思维方式、生活方式的总和,“现代性”的发育改变了国家的价值基础,制度内容和组织设计、运行模式,使传统国家面临向现代国家转变的压力。“现代性”的发育同时也改变了人类社会过去形成的各类共同体,使一些在传统社会非常强有力的共同体崩溃解体,或者作用弱化,人们精神世界面临危机。这导致族群这一在传统社会并没有发挥显著作用的共同体,影响力不断彰显。现代国家建构的核心内容,是一系列基于现代性的政治制度、价值与组织体系的建构,包括个人主义、理性精神、民主意识、法治观念、代议制权力机构、功利主义的国家及政府作用定位、科层制行政组织体系等。在现代国家建构进程中,世界各地普遍都采取了民族主义运动的方式动员社会力量,发动针对传统国家的革命活动,并且在国家建立之后也继续进行民族主义运动,以凝聚社会力量,保持国家稳定,推动国家现代化发展,增强政权的合法性。民族主义的核心,其实是用现代性的价值、理念及建立在现代性基础上的新的文化作为纽带,将特定区域内的人建构成一个新的共同体,并将之与现代国家的价值、制度和作用捆绑,使现代国家获得广泛的社会认同。这个新的共同体,对内即是公民共同体——享有现代国家规定的各种权利、义务的公民组成的共同体；对外,则作为一个整体,是现代国家主权的归依,是区别于外部社会一切人群的民族共同体。由于对民族主义运动的倚重,现代国家因而也成为民族国家。民族的建构,服从并服务于国家制度、价值与组织建构——它既是国家制度、价值与组织建构的产物,又是国家制度、价值与组织建构的动力。然而,在现代国家建构的过程中,由于不同地方社会情况差异,以及对建构民族的过程认识差异,并不是每个国家都能够真正做到国家制度、价值、组织建构与民族建构相辅相成。由于族群与民族具有高度的相似性,在不少族群成份复杂的国家,族群往往成为一些社会利益团体借用的工具。通过推动族群的民族化,这些利益团体得以制约国家的制度、价值、组织建构,以实现本团体的目标,这即是目前在世界范围内广泛存在的“民族问题”的根源。在处理“民族问题”方面,坚持以现代国家制度、价值、组织建构整合族群,建构单一民族的同时有效防范了族群单独民族化的国家,往往保持了国家的统一、稳定与繁荣；而当国家制度、价值、组织建构屈从于族群民族化倾向之后,国家所具有的强大力量反而成为进一步催动族群向民族演变的动力。由于民族的目标是建立国家,这些国家的结局往往是民族多元化之后社会分裂、国家解体。而也有一部分国家能够较好地处理族群民族化问题,这主要是因为他们在处理族群问题过程中,始终坚持站在国家建构的立场上,以国家制度价值、制度、组织建构统领民族建构,对族群属性和族群利益有比较清楚的判断和应对,有效地防范和化解了可能引发族群民族化的各种因素。中国是一个族群众多的国家,中国早在现代国家建立之前就已经形成了与现代民族共同体类似的超族群共同体,这一共同体在中国开始现代国家建构进程之后,成为自觉的中华民族共同体。然而,在中国建构现代国家的进程中,由于内部、外部双重因素的影响,境内族群关系曾一度出现危机,个别中华民族分支族群出现了民族化倾向,对中国的社会团结和国家统一造成了严重威胁。新中国的成立使中国现代国家建构走上正轨,并消除了外部因素对中国民族建构的直接影响,阻止了中国族群关系的进一步恶化,但在处理族群问题方面过多借用苏联模式,也引发了一些问题。未来中国在继续现代国家建构过程中,需要采取多种措施进一步加强中国的民族建构,缓解族群问矛盾与冲突,真正实现多元族群与单一民族和谐共存的局面。
[Abstract]:The ethnic group and the state are two kinds of community with different nature. They each have different ties of maintenance and different development tracks. They play different roles in the development of human society. Ethnic groups are formed by natural distribution or special social movement, mainly with the culture of identification as a tie. The community is the main carrier of human culture. It plays the role of providing people with spiritual belonging and self identity through some ceremonies, symbols, festivals and legends. The ethnic group has been born before the age of civilization. The emergence of the country is one of the symbols of human society, and it is the human society. After the emergence of wealth and class differentiation, the rational design of the social order made by the representative of a particular class on the basis of the interests of the class in order to avoid the excessive social conflict and the social order is designed by the representative of a particular class on the basis of its class interests. The state is mainly through a series of values, systems and organizations to restrict the behavior of people and to carry out the right to social resources and interests. In order to form a certain social order, the power is distributed.
"Modernization", which originated in Western Europe, has changed the form of human economic development and the way of social life, and thus facilitated the development of "Modernity". "Modernity" refers to a series of human ideas, values, ways of thinking, and the way of life, which are different from the "modernization" process, which are different from the process of "modernization". The development of modernity has changed the value basis of the country, the content of the system, the design of the organization, the mode of operation and the pressure on the transformation of the traditional country to the modern country. The development of modernity has also changed the community of human society in the past, and disintegrated some of the very strong community in the social society, or People's role is weakening, and people's spiritual world is facing crisis. This leads to the community, which has not played a significant role in traditional society, and its influence is constantly showing.
The core content of modern state construction is a series of political systems based on modernity, the construction of values and organizational systems, including individualism, rational spirit, democratic consciousness, the concept of rule of law, representative power institutions, the role of utilitarianism and government, the administrative organization system of the bureaucratic system, etc.
In the process of modern national construction, all parts of the world have generally adopted the way of nationalist movement to mobilize the social forces, launch the revolutionary activities against the traditional state, and continue to carry on the nationalist movement after the establishment of the state, in order to condense the social forces, keep the state stable, promote the modernization of the country and strengthen the legitimacy of the regime. The core of nationalism is to use the value of modernity, the idea and the new culture built on the basis of modernity as a link, to build a new community in a particular area, and to bind it to the values, systems and functions of the modern state, and to make a broad social identity of the modern country. This new community, To the inside is the community of citizens - a community of rights and obligations under the modern state; as a whole, as a whole, it is the dependency of the sovereignty of the modern state and the national community that is distinguished from all the people in the external society. The construction of the nation, the construction of the nation, the obedience and service of the state system, the value and the structure of the organization - is the product of the state system, the value and the organization, and the power of the state system, the value and the organization.
However, in the course of the construction of modern countries, because of the differences in social conditions in different places and the difference in the process of constructing ethnic groups, not every country can truly achieve national system, value, organizational construction and national construction. Because of the high similarity between ethnic groups and people, many ethnic groups are complex. The nation, the ethnic group often become a tool used by some social interest groups. By promoting ethnic minorities, these interests are able to restrict the system, value and organization of the country to achieve the goal of the group, which is the root of the "national problem" widely existing in the world.
In dealing with the "national problem", we insist on the national system, the value, the organization and the integration of the ethnic group, the construction of a single nation and the effective prevention of the ethnic group, which often maintains the unity, stability and prosperity of the state, and the state system, value, and organizational construction succumb to the ethnic tendency of ethnic groups. The powerful forces have become the motive force to further promote the evolution of ethnic groups to the nation. As the goal of the nation is to establish a country, the outcome of these countries is often divided by ethnic diversity and the disintegration of the state.
And some countries can better deal with ethnic minority problems, which is mainly because they always stand on the position of national construction in the process of dealing with ethnic groups, and take the national system value, system and organization to command the national construction, and have a clear judgment and response to the ethnic attributes and ethnic interests. All kinds of factors that may lead to ethnicity of ethnic groups are prevented and resolved.
China is a country with many ethnic groups. Before the establishment of modern national community, China had formed a community of super ethnic groups similar to the modern national community. After the construction of modern national construction in China, it became a self-conscious Chinese community. With the influence of double factors and external factors, the relationship between ethnic groups in China once had a crisis, and the ethnic groups of some Chinese ethnic groups appeared to be nationalized, causing a serious threat to the social unity and national unity of China. The establishment of the new China made the construction of the modern state of China on the right track, and the establishment of the Chinese nation was eliminated by the external factors. The influence has prevented the further deterioration of the relationship between ethnic groups in China, but the excessive use of the Soviet model in dealing with ethnic groups has also caused some problems. In the future, China needs to take various measures to further strengthen China's national construction, alleviate ethnic contradiction and conflict, and truly realize the pluralistic ethnic groups in the process of continuing the construction of modern state. The harmonious coexistence of the group and the single nation.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：C95

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