佛罗伦萨共和宪政的兴衰（12-16世纪）
本文关键词：佛罗伦萨共和宪政的兴衰（12-16世纪），，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
佛罗伦萨共和宪政的兴衰（12-16世纪）
佛罗伦萨共和宪政的兴衰（12-16世纪）
佛罗伦萨共和国是中世纪意大利最重要的城市国家之一,曾长期位居中意大利霸主地位。在共和国数百年的历史上,佛罗伦萨在政治、经济、科学文化等方面都取得了辉煌成就,特别是在政治制度方面,与同时代的威尼斯一起,进行了城市共和宪政的积极探索,创造了丰富而宝贵的经验,时至今日,仍然具有重要的研究价值。本文拟从浅析浅析中世纪佛罗伦萨的社会状况入手,运用历史浅析浅析、比较浅析浅析和法社会学的策略,对12-16世纪佛罗伦萨宪政的兴衰嬗变、结构特点等不足作一系统论述。论文主体分为六个大部分。第一部分首先浅析浅析了中世纪佛罗伦萨的社会经济状况,旨在揭示宪政产生的历史条件。自12世纪取得自治地位时起,佛罗伦萨的工农业生产发展十分迅速,在很短时间内便脱颖而出,成为欧洲经济最发达的城市国家之一。佛罗伦萨的经济主要以毛织业、毛呢加工业、国际贸易及银行业为基础,其中,毛织业是其支柱工业,也是国家财富的主要来源,全国计有三分之一以上的人口以此为生。工业经营方式也发生了变化,工人和工场主之间的关系已演变成契约性的雇佣关系,生产过程采用流水作业,分工精细,开始具备资本主义企业的特点。在农村,农奴制和封建地租已经废除,分成制经营成为主导方式,农民的人身依附枷锁已被打碎。生产关系的变化,使佛罗伦萨的国家性质开始发生转变,已初步具备了资本主义的社会属性,这为宪政的产生奠定了基础。第二部分介绍了佛罗伦萨独立和宪政起源的过程。佛罗伦萨是一座历史悠久的文化古城,早年曾先后遭受多个封建王国的统治。经过该市市民的不懈斗争,于12世纪取得独立后,迅速成为欧洲最典型的城市公社之一。从公社运动的领导阶级和他们的要求来看,该市争取自治权的斗争实际上是新型社会关系对封建旧体制的反抗,诸多进步因素体现其中。公社成立后,佛罗伦萨建立了自己的司法制度和管理机构。从职责权限上来看,这些机构已具备了近代宪政国家机构的轮廓。因此,可以认为,公社时期是佛罗伦萨宪政的萌芽阶段。第三部分论述了佛罗伦萨共和宪政的发展过程。12世纪后期,佛罗伦萨建立共和国,宪政制度由此进入了蓬勃发展阶段。其发展是经过多次市民斗争逐步实现的,最主要的有两件大事,一是《正义法规》的颁布,二是梳毛工起义。前者通过制定一系列的法令,将封建贵族排除在政府显要官职之外;后者通过暴力斗争,极大地扩充了共和国的社群基础。第四部分概述了共和国鼎盛时期佛罗伦萨宪政的结构与特点。共和国建立后,经过革新,逐渐形成了一套较为完善的国家机构系统。主要由首长会议、旗手团、贤人团、人民会议、公社会议等固定机构以及其它一些临时机构组成,这套组织架构为共和国后期历届政府所遵循。从各机构的关系看,它们职权明晰,已初步具有了立法、司法和行政机关多硕博在线论文网分权的特点。此外,还表现出如下一些特点:多数机构的官员由抽签选举产生,民主、法治、自由协调发展,宗派斗争此起彼伏,人文主义色彩浓厚等。第五部分探讨了家族集权与佛罗伦萨宪政衰亡的关系。进入共和国后期,佛罗伦萨共和宪政陷入了严重的危机之中,主要表现在国内外局势恶化、封建土地经济死灰复燃、家族集权明显三个方面。其中,显贵家族的集权成为佛罗伦萨宪政衰落的重要因素,特别是美第奇家族的专权,直接导致了佛罗伦萨共和宪政的衰亡。15世纪后,在家族集权的影响下,佛罗伦萨显贵家族制约了共和国的绝大多数职位,国家统治基础不断缩小,民主沦丧,自由观念淡化,文化也开始停滞不前,最终建立了美第奇家族的君主专制统治,共和国灭亡。佛罗伦萨宪政也随之终结。最后一部分对佛罗伦萨共和宪政的价值和局限性进行了简要的浅析浅析评价。宪政体制一度赋予了佛罗伦萨强大的活力,使之短时间内取得了巨大成就,成为中世纪欧洲政治、经济、文化飞速发展的国家的典型代表。但由于时代和社会环境的局限,佛罗伦萨的宪政体制还存在诸多缺陷。主要有以下几点:佛罗伦萨宪政制度中弥漫着浓厚的封建残余;分权制衡体制不够健全;国家机构臃肿,工作效率低下;缺乏科学理论的支撑等。上述第三、四、五部分是文章的重点和中心所在,故而花费笔墨较多,目的在于通过系统、客观的综合浅析浅析,全方位地展示佛罗伦萨宪政制度的兴衰历史,以期弥补国内对中世纪宪政研究的不足,并进而发现宪政形成与发展的一般规律。
【Abstract】 The Republic of Florence was one of the most important city-states of Italy in the Middle Ages and ranked hegemony long-term in the central Italy. Hundreds of years in the history of the Republic, Florence made brilliant achievements in the political, economic, scientific and cultural fields, etc. Especially in the political system, together with the contemporaries Venice, conducted active exploration of the republican constitutional government and created rich and valuable experiences, which still have important research value until today. This paper intends to analyze the social conditions of medieval Florence and expounds the rise and decline of the constitutional government of Florence, structure and characteristics in the 12-16th century by historical analysis, comparative analysis and methods of sociology.This paper consists of six major parts.The first part analyzes social situations of medieval Florence to reveal the historical conditions of constitutional government. Since the 12th century, Florence’s industry and agriculture developed rapidly. And in a very short time, it emerged as one of the most economically developed cities in Europe. Florence’s economy mainly based on woolen industry, the wool processing industry, international trade and banking, where woolen industry was the pillar industry and also the major source of national wealth, more than one third of the population in the country lived on it. Industrial operation mode changed and the relationship between workers and mill owners evolved into a contractual employment, production process with line operation and specialization, which began with the characteristics of capitalist enterprises. In rural areas, the serf system and the feudal government rent had been abolished, the sharecropping system operation became a leading way and farmers’personal shackles were broken. Changes in production relations made the national nature of Florence changed and possessed preliminary nature of capitalist society, which was the basis of constitutional government.The second part introduces the process of Florence independence and constitutional origins. Florence was a historic ancient city and in his early years was ruled successively by many feudal countries. After people’s relentless struggle, Florence achieved independence in the 12th century and quickly became one of the most typical urban communes in European. From the commune movement of the leading class and their requests, the struggle for autonomy was actually a new social relation against the old feudal system, which reflected many positive factors. After founding the commune, Florence established its own judicial system and administration. From the duties, these agencies already had a rough sketch of modern constitutional state. Therefore, it is believed that commune period is the early stage of constitutional government of Florence.The third part discusses the development of the republican constitutional government of Florence. The late 12th century, the establishment of the Republic of Florence, the constitutional system entered a phase of vigorous development. Its development is gradually realized by the many people’s struggle. There are mainly two things. First is the Ordinances of Justice promulgated, and second is the revolt of Ciompi. The former, through formulating a series of laws, excluded feudal nobility from the prominent offices of the government. The latter, through the violent struggle, greatly expanded the community foundation of the Republic.The fourth part outlines the structure and features of the constitutional government of Florence during the heyday of the Republic. After the founding of the Republic, it gradually formed a relatively complete system of national institutions through the reform. It was mainly consisted by“Priorate”,“gonfaloniere”,“buonuomini”,“Council of People”,“Council of Commune”and other temporary agencies. This organization was followed by successive governments in the late Republic. View from the relationship between the agencies, their authority was clarity. It has initial characteristics of the multiple separation of powers with the legislative, judicial and administrative organs. In addition, there were still other features. Such as, most officials were elected by the ballot; democracy, rule of law, freedom developed harmoniously; the sectarian struggles happened continuously; humanism had strong sense and so on. The fifth part discussed the relationship between the family centralization and the decline of constitutional government of Florence. In the late Republic, the republican constitutional government of Florence dropped into a serious crisis. It mainly consisted in the deterioration of the situation at home and abroad, the resurgence of feudal land economy and the remarkableness of family centralized power. Among them, the centralization of distinguished family was an important factor in the decline of the constitutional government, especially the autocracy of the Medici, directly leading to the decline of the republican constitutional government of Florence. After the 15th century, under the influence of family centralization, the distinguished Florence family controlled the majority positions of the Republic. The national rule base is shrinking, the democracy decayed, the concept of freedom weakened and the culture began to stagnate. Eventually the absolute monarchy of the Medici family was eventually established. The Republic and the constitutional government of Florence came to an end.The last part briefly evaluates and analyzes the value and limitations of the republican constitutional government of Florence. Constitutional system once gave great vitality to Florence, made great achievements in a short time and became typical representatives of rapid development of medieval European politics, economy and culture. However, for the limitations of time and social environment, there were many defects in the constitutional system of Florence. There were the following aspects: Florentine constitutional system was filled with the strong remnants of feudalism; separation of powers was not a sound system; national institutions were overstaffed and inefficient; lack of the support of scientific theories.The above third, fourth, fifth part is the focus and center of the thesis and takes more part to all-round display historical rise and decline of the constitutional system through the systematic and objective analysis, in order to make up deficiency for domestic research on medieval constitutional government, and thus find the general rule of the formation and development of constitutional government.
【关键词】 共和宪政； 正义法规； 多硕博在线论文网分权； 家族集权；【Key words】 Republican constitutional government； Ordinances of Justice； Multiple separation of powers； family centralization；
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本文关键词：佛罗伦萨共和宪政的兴衰（12-16世纪），由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
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