跨国有组织犯罪若干问题研究

发布时间：2018-07-21 21:24

【摘要】：跨国有组织犯罪，是犯罪发展进程中必然出现的一种具有鲜明时代特征的犯罪类型。世界经济一体化进程的加快、科学技术的迅猛发展以及交通通讯的日益发达给我们的生活带来巨大的变化。跨国有组织犯罪在这一大形势下呈现出一些新的特点，同时也对各国及国际社会的稳定造成了前所未有的威胁。《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》是国际社会与该种严重危害各国利益的犯罪进行斗争的一个里程碑，我国于2003年9月加入了该公约。本文从国际刑法学的角度，对跨国有组织犯罪的犯罪现状、立法现状和司法现状进行概述，分析其中存在的问题，并在此基础上，结合公约提出一些应对的策略，力求为我国预防和打击跨国有组织犯罪尽一些绵薄之力。本文的第一部分，对跨国有组织犯罪的犯罪现状、立法现状、司法现状进行了概览和分析。笔者认为，跨国有组织犯罪是由三人或多人组成的、在一定时期内存在的有组织结构的犯罪集团，以获取经济利益为最终目的，而实施的行为或结果涉及两个以上国家的犯罪活动。在世界经济发展迅速、科技进步日新月异的今天，跨国有组织犯罪呈现出一些自身的新特点：组织化程度越来越高，具有严密的分工及专业化特性；跨国地域进一步扩大；涵盖犯罪类型广泛；由经济领域向政治领域扩展，并试图披上“合法化”的外衣；以及充分利用现代化设备，犯罪手段由暴力向智能化转变。跨国有组织犯罪不但危害各国 WP=51 社会安全，威胁国际社会稳定，而且阻碍各国间正常的经济交往，破坏世界经济秩序，同时也冲击各国法律制度，挑战国际刑事司法体系。面对来势凶猛的跨国有组织犯罪，各国各地区均采取积极的态度，纷纷通过立法对其进行控制与防范。从各国国内立法来看，制定专门的刑事法规对有组织犯罪予以惩治，已逐渐成为各国反有组织犯罪立法的首选。联合国大会第55届会议通过的《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》是国际社会长期以来同跨国有组织犯罪进行斗争的结果，其通过国际公约的形式构建了全球性控制跨国有组织犯罪的国际法律机制。现阶段对跨国有组织犯罪的打击，仍以各国国内司法机关为主；同时，鉴于该种犯罪的跨国特性，双边及多边合作也是必不可少的；国际刑警组织在国际社会打击跨国有组织犯罪的行动中充当了重要角色。本文的第二部分，在前文解读现状的基础之上，分析了跨国有组织犯罪的立法和司法中存在的问题。国内刑事立法相对滞后、各国法律制度间存在差异以及配套法规不健全在立法层面给跨国有组织犯罪以可乘之机；而国家间存在的政治分歧和狭隘的民族利益观、管辖权冲突问题以及在刑事制裁执行时涉及的追缴犯罪所得问题则在司法层面对同跨国有组织犯罪的斗争中形成了种种阻碍。本文的第三部分，在前文解读跨国有组织犯罪的现状和分析立法、司法中所存在的问题的基础之上，结合《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》中的相关规定，试对我国预防和打击跨 WP=52 国有组织犯罪提出一些策略和建议。首先，笔者从制定针对跨国有组织犯罪的专门法条或法规和修改完善刑法中的相关条款两个方面入手，建议完善国内刑事立法，提出扩大刑法中洗钱罪的上游犯罪范围以及在刑法中增设“贿赂外国公职人员和国际公务员罪”的意见；其次，，笔者认为应在司法环节引入针对跨国有组织犯罪的特殊措施。比如，在侦查阶段允许采用一些非常规的侦查手段、加强对证人的保护等；第三，要加强国家间和地区间的刑事司法合作。其中包括管辖合作、关于没收和扣押的合作等方面；最后，还要建立合理的社会防控体系。打击有组织犯罪并不只是公检法三个部门的事情，只有保证社会肌体的各个器官处于良性运作状态，才能从根本上遏制有组织犯罪的滋生。
[Abstract]:Transnational organized crime is an inevitable type of crime in the course of the development of crime. The acceleration of the process of integration of world economy, the rapid development of science and technology and the increasing development of traffic and communication have brought great changes to our life. Transnational organized crime is present in this big situation. Some new features, at the same time, pose unprecedented threats to the stability of countries and the international community. The United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime is a milestone in the struggle between the international community and this kind of crime that seriously endangering the interests of all countries. China joined the Convention in September 2003. This article is from the perspective of international criminal law. The present situation of transnational organized crime, the present situation of legislation and the current situation of judicature are summarized, and the existing problems are analyzed. On the basis of this, some countermeasures are put forward in combination with the Convention, so as to try our best to prevent and combat transnational organized crime.
The first part of this article is a survey and analysis of the present situation of transnational organized crime, the status of legislation and the current situation of judicature. The author believes that transnational organized crime is a organized criminal group of three or more persons in a certain period of time, in order to obtain economic benefits as the ultimate goal, and to carry out the actions or results. With the rapid development of the world economy and the rapid progress of science and technology, transnational organized crime presents some new characteristics: the degree of organization is more and more high, and the division of labor and specialization is strict; the transnational region is expanding in one step; it covers a wide range of criminal types; the economy is led by the economy. It expands to the political field and tries to put on the "legalized" coat, and the full use of modern equipment, and the crime means from violence to intelligence. Transnational organized crime not only endangers countries.
WP=51
Social security threatens the stability of the international community, hinders the normal economic exchanges between countries, destroys the world economic order, and at the same time shocks the legal systems of various countries and challenges the international criminal justice system. Facing the fierce and fierce transnational organized crime, various countries and regions have taken an extreme attitude to control and prevent them through legislation. From the domestic legislation, the formulation of special criminal laws and regulations to punish organized crime has gradually become the first choice for the anti organized crime legislation of various countries. The United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime, adopted by the fifty-fifth session of the United Nations General Assembly, is the result of the long struggle of the international community with transnational organized crime, The international legal mechanism to control transnational organized crime is constructed in the form of international conventions. At the present stage, the fight against transnational organized crime is still dominated by the domestic judicial organs of all countries. At the same time, in view of the transnational characteristics of the crime, bilateral and multilateral cooperation is essential; Interpol is in the international community. It has played an important role in combating transnational organized crime.
The second part of this article, on the basis of the previous interpretation of the present situation, analyzes the existing problems in the legislation and judicature of transnational organized crime. The domestic criminal legislation is lagging behind, the differences in the legal system of various countries and the unsound related laws and regulations are the opportunity for Transnational Organized Crime in the legislative level; and the state exists in the state of politics. The problems of governing differences and narrow national interests, the conflict of jurisdiction and the recovery of the proceeds of crime involved in the execution of criminal sanctions have formed various obstacles in the struggle against Transnational Organized Crime in the judicial layer.
The third part of this article is on the basis of the analysis of the present situation of transnational organized crime, the analysis of legislation and the problems existing in the judicature, and combined with the relevant provisions in the United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime to try to prevent and combat our country.
WP=52
The author puts forward some strategies and suggestions for state organized crime. First, the author proposes to improve the domestic criminal legislation from two aspects of formulating special law or regulations aimed at transnational organized crime and revising the relevant provisions in the criminal law, and proposes to expand the scope of the crime of money laundering in the criminal law and to add "bribe foreign countries" in the criminal law. The opinion of the crime of public officials and international civil servants. Secondly, the author thinks that special measures should be introduced in the judicial link for transnational organized crime. For example, some unconventional investigative means should be adopted in the investigation stage, and the protection of witnesses should be strengthened. Third, the criminal judicial cooperation between countries and regions should be strengthened. Including cooperation in jurisdiction, cooperation on confiscation and seizure, and other aspects of cooperation in confiscation and seizure; finally, a reasonable system of social prevention and control should be established. The fight against organized crime is not only a matter of the three departments of public inspection law, but only to ensure that all organs of the social body are in a healthy state of operation, can the formation of organized crime be contained in the root.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D917

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