美国华人基金会雷雷_美国基金会向中国舆论_美国基金会：历史与作用

  本文关键词：美国基金会：历史与作用，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

美国基金会：历史与作用

美国基金会：历史与作用

基金会产生于19世纪末20世纪初的美国。数量众多、规模庞大、活动范围十分广泛的基金会在美国社会中起到了相当大的作用，在世界上也产生了越来越重要的影响。我国学术界主要是从社会学的角度研究美国基金会，或者大都是关于美国某个基金会的介绍，较少将美国基金会作为整体进行研究。本文正是从这一点出发考察美国基金会的发展史，浅析浅析和归纳美国基金会的作用。本文主要分为四个部分：第一部分阐述了美国基金会的概况。第一，基金会的定义和类型。基金会的定义是“非政府的、拥有自己资金（通常来自单一的个人、家庭或公司）的、非营利的（实体），并自设董事会管理工作规划的组织，其创办的目的是支持或援助教育、社会、慈善、宗教或其他活动以服务于公共福利，主要是通过对其他非营利机构的赞助。”美国基金会可以分为独立基金会、公司基金会、社区基金会和运作型基金会四种类型。第二，基金会的运作机制，主要介绍美国基金会的成立程序、组织结构、运作方式和监督体制。第三，基金会的活动领域。目前，基金会的活动领域主要集中在教育、医疗卫生、人类服务、艺术与文化、公共事务和社会福利、环境与动物保护、科学技术、社会科学、国际事务和宗教等十个领域。第二部分是关于美国基金会的历史考察。美国基金会有着源远流长的慈善传统，基金会的产生是美国统治阶级出于维护资本主义制度需要的结果，是基督教传统精神与伦理反思的结果。到冷战结束前美国基金会的历史主要划分为两个阶段。第一个阶段是1889年到1939年的兴起阶段，这个阶段具有三个特点：首先，基金会具有“现代”的特点，它类似于商业公司的组织模式，拥有自己的董事会，有组织地从事世俗的慈善事业，这一点不同于教会和其他的慈善组织。其次，基金会捐赠的重点是教育、医疗卫生和自然科学研究。最后，基金会存在家族统治的特点，，而且基金会常常由年事已高的董事制约。从1940年到1991年是美国基金会高速发展的阶段。在这个阶段基金会具有五个特点：第一，基金会重视社会科学和公共政策研究。第二，基<WP=64>金会的国际活动增加。第三，基金会联合组织和研究机构的出现和发展。第四，社会改良和提高福利事业成为基金会资助的新重点。第五，基金会出现意识形态的分裂。冷战结束后美国基金会出现了新的发展趋势：首先，基金会的数量和规模以更快的速度发展。其次，基金会的资金来源、管理成员和捐赠的领域呈现多样化。再次，基金会运作方式的电子化和“信息基金会”的出现。最后，基金会出现了“风险慈善”和“社会企业家”的新理念。第三部分是基金会在美国社会中的地位和作用。这部分浅析浅析了基金会与企业、政府和其他非营利组织三大部门之间的关系，论述了基金会在美国社会中的作用。首先，垄断财团制约着一批美国大基金会，基金会成为垄断财团用来逃税、制约工商业和操纵政治的重要工具。其次，与美国政府相比，基金会具有非政府性、独立性和志愿性的特点。虽然基金会和政府之间存在着对立的关系。但是基金会的根本宗旨也是为了维护资本主义制度，因此基金会在主要政策上与政府保持着默契配合，共同合作的关系。再次，基金会是非营利组织的重要组成部分，它与其他非营利组织形成了相互支持的关系。基金会是其他非营利组织的资金来源之一，在非营利组织中发挥重要作用。其他非营利组织也维护基金会权利。总之，美国基金会是美国资本统治社会的另一种形式，是美国权势集团的重要组成部分，其根本目的是维护资本主义制度。基金会在美国社会中发挥了重要的作用。基金会推动了美国教育事业的蓬勃发展，推动了科学研究的进步与发展，发展和完善了医疗保障事业，保存和弘扬了美国传统文化，推动了社会的民主化进程和民族平等。它是美国社会稳定和发展的重要均衡因素，起到了平衡社会发展与平等自由之间的“杠杆作用”。第四部分主要论述基金会在美国对外关系中的影响。首先，基金会是美国政府制定外交政策的“沉默伙伴”，主要表现在两个方面，一方面是基金会自身成为政府的思想库，为政府提供政策咨询，或者是资助思想库提供外交思想和方案。另一方面是在美国民间加强国际不足研究，资助建立国际关系和外国研究的学科，帮助美国人了解世界。其次，基金会在国际关系中的行为。基金会通过对外慈善援助、建立学校、设立国际奖学金等方<WP=65>式传播美国文化，基金会还干涉他国内政和颠覆违背美国意志的政府，削弱其他国家的力量，试图在意识形态斗争中“不战而胜”。最后，与美国政府、大众文化和新闻媒体相比，基金会在维护美国霸权中具有自己独特的作用。基金会是奠定美国社会的民主基石之一，为美国霸权提供了长期稳定的社会基础。基金会的慈善援助塑造了美国“仁慈”的形象，转变美国政府的霸道形象，增强了美国“善意霸权”的影响，增进了美国在全世界的利益。

【Abstract】 America Foundations were formed originally during late 19th and early 20th. Up to now, foundations have played important roles not only in American society, but also in other countries with large quantities, huge scales and extensive activities. At present, studies for American foundations in the academia mainly focus on the perspective of sociology, or the introduction about American certain foundation, which is lack of taking American foundations as a whole entity. The author just reviewed the course of development of American foundations, analyzed and summed up the role of American foundations in this dissertation. There are four parts in this dissertation: In the first part, the author elaborated the general situation of American foundations. Firstly, the definition of foundation is “a nongovernmental, nonprofit [entity] with its own funds (usually from a single source, either an individual, a family, or a corporation) and program managed by its own trustees and directors, established to maintain or aid educational, social, charitable, religious, or other activities serving the common welfare, primarily by making grants to other nonprofit organizations. ” American foundations can be divided into independent foundations, corporate foundations, community foundations and operating foundations. Secondly, this chapter was mainly about the application procedure of American foundations, organization structure, ways of function and supervisory system. Thirdly, the activity fields of American foundations were primarily concentrated on ten fields including education, health, human services, art & culture, public affairs/society benefit, environment &animals, science& technology, social science, international affairs and religion, etc. The second part was the historical study on American modern foundations. American foundations have centuries-old philanthropic traditions, the appearance of American foundations were the result that was based on not only <WP=67>the need of maintaining the Capitalism by the ruler class, but also the Christian traditional spirit and self-reflection. Before the cold war, the phylogeny of American foundations can be divided into two stages. The first stage was the arisen stage of foundations from 1889 to 1939. During this stage, American foundations had three characteristics: First, foundations were showed the characteristic of “modernity”, The organization of foundations was more similar to the organizational pattern of commercial company, which possessed own board of directors. Foundations were unreligious organizations that undertook philanthropy, which showed differences from church and other philanthropic organizations. Second, education, health and science were the main fields that foundations donated. Finally, the founder’s kin dominated the foundations, and the elder trustees controlled the foundation boards. From 1940 to 1991, it was the second stage that American foundations developed at a high speed. During this stage, there were five characteristics in American foundations. Firstly, foundations began to pay more attention to social science and the study of public policy. Secondly, foundations took part in the more international activities. Thirdly, The united organizations and research organizations of foundations began to emerge and develop. Fourthly, social improvement and raising welfare became a new focus of American foundations. Fifthly, ideological differences between conservative and liberal foundations began to split. After the cold war, American foundations had some new tendencies. First of all, the quantity and scale of American foundations were increased with more rapid speed. Next, donated fields, administrators and the capital source of foundations presented diversification. Thirdly, the electronic function of foundations and “information foundation” appeared. Finally, the new concepts such as “Venture?Philanthropy” and “Social Entrepreneur” came forth. The third part of this dissertation was about the role of foundations in American society. The aut