成就与危机：英国福利制度的演变

发布时间：2018-01-06 20:32

本文关键词：成就与危机：英国福利制度的演变　出处：《四川大学》2002年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 福利国家是二十世纪资本主义发展过程中出现的一种特殊现象，对它的起因、发展与成败进行研究有助于我们更深刻地认识资本主义。今年(二○○二年)适逢贝弗里奇报告发表六十周年。在英国乃至整个西方世界的福利思想发展史上，贝弗里奇报告都堪称一个里程碑。它为二战后的英国勾勒了一幅较为完整的现代福利国家的蓝图，其影响遍及全世界。笔者认为，对英国福利制度加以研究，对于我国现今正在进行的社会保障制度的改革具有一定的借鉴作用。本文从考察英国“福利国家”的演变历史入手，旨在剖析它的兴衰成因，并给出较为客观的评价。福利国家的出现是二十世纪西方发达国家所发生的大事之一。福利政策的变化，与一个国家的政治、经济、社会文化等诸多因素相关联。英国于一九四八年建立了世界上第一个福利国家，这是在当时特定历史背景下的必然趋势，是英国从传统农业向现代化工业社会转型过程中的必然产物。福利国家的两项原则是普遍性和全面性，即无论地域、收入，每个公民均应被保障不因失业、疾病、年老等原因而导致生活陷入最低标准以下。福利国家在一定程度上缩小了社会各阶层的收入差距，保障了广大劳动人民的基本生活条件，具有进步的一面，但其根本目的是调和阶级矛盾，维护资本主义制度的稳定。从二十世纪五十年代至七十年代初，在经济持续增长和“共识政治” 的基础上，英国的福利国家建设进入了快速发展的黄金时代。但是，从七十年代中期开始，在经济危机的打击下，福利支出R益成为国家财政的沉重负担，并造成诸多危机，福利国家陷入了困境。撒切尔夫人上台后主张福利计划的私人化和市场化，改普遍性原则为有选择性原则，大幅度削减福利开支，造成社会贫富加剧分化的严重后果。九十年代至今，布莱尔政府试图走“第三条道路”，在国家干预与自由市场之间寻求平衡，实现福利多元化。改革取得了一定成效，但仍未从根本上扭转困境。以马克思主义的观点来分析，福利国家的建立和发展尽管在一定程度上缩小了贫富差距，但是究其根本目的，是在不改变资本主义本质的前提下缓和阶级矛盾。无论是工党或保守党执政，其改革都是在资本主义制度框架内进行的。自由市场经济虽然得到一定程度的修正，但是资本主义仍然是占主导地位的经济运作方式，其自身固有的基本矛盾不可能得到根本解决。所以，福利国家不可能在市场效率与社会正义之间维持真正的平衡，其危机也因此无法真正消除。本篇论文共分五章。第一章是全文的基础，概要介绍了有关福利国家的基本理论。第二章追溯了英国的福利思想发展史及福利制度的建立过程，并对其本质加以了界定。第三章考察了“共识政治”的形成与解体对福利国家的影响，并对福利危机的成因加以剖析。第四章论述了撒切尔主义对。福利国家的挑战以及由此产生的结构性调整。末章是对英国福利制度的现状和前景的讨论，并再次明确了福利国家的本质特点。
[Abstract]:The welfare state is a special phenomenon during the course of the development of capitalism in the twentieth Century, the cause of it, the development and success of research can help us have a deeper understanding of capitalism. This year (two hours, two years) as Beveridge published 60th anniversary. In the UK and the world welfare thought history, the Beveridge report is a milepost. It outlines a relatively complete modern welfare state blueprint for Britain after World War II and its influence throughout the world. The author believes that the study of the British welfare system, has a certain reference for the ongoing reform of our social security system. This paper examines the historical evolution the British "welfare state" to start, it aims to analyze the reasons of the rise and decline, and present an objective assessment.
The emergence of the welfare state is one of the events occurred on twentieth Century in western developed countries. The change of welfare policy, economy and a country's political, social, cultural and other related factors. The British established the world's first welfare state in 1948, this is the inevitable trend in the specific historical background when is inevitable product of the transformation from traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial process. The two principles of the welfare state is universal and comprehensive, namely, regardless of geography, income, every citizen should be guaranteed not because of unemployment, disease, and other reasons caused the old life into the following minimum standards. Welfare countries in all sectors of society the income gap to a certain extent, protect the basic living conditions of the masses, is progress, but its fundamental purpose is to reconcile the contradictions, maintain the capitalist system Stable.
From 1950s to early 70s, sustained economic growth and "consensus politics"
On the basis of this, the construction of welfare state in Britain has entered the golden age of rapid development. However, from seven
At the beginning of the middle of ten, the benefits of welfare R have become the national financial sinks under the shock of the economic crisis.
A heavy burden, and a lot of crisis, the welfare state is in trouble. After Mrs. Thatcher came to power, he argued
The privatization and marketization of the welfare program, the principle of universality is selective, and a substantial reduction
The serious consequences of the polarization of social poverty caused by welfare expenditure. Since 90s, Blair
The government tries to take the "Third Road", seeking a balance between state intervention and free market to achieve welfare
The reform has made some achievements, but it has not fundamentally reversed the predicament.
From the point of view of Marx's doctrine, the establishment and development of the welfare state, though to a certain extent, is to a certain extent
The gap between the rich and the poor is narrowed, but the fundamental purpose of the gap is the premise that the essence of capitalism is not changed.
Lower class contradictions. Whether the labour party or the conservative party is in power, its reform is in the capitalist system
Within the framework, the free market economy has been amended to a certain extent, but capitalism remains
But it is the dominant mode of economic operation, and its inherent basic contradictions are impossible to get to the root.
Therefore, it is impossible for the welfare state to maintain a real balance between market efficiency and social justice,
Its crisis can not be truly eliminated.
This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the foundation of the full text, and a summary of the relevant welfare states.
The second chapter traces back to the history of the development of the welfare thought and the establishment of the welfare system in Britain.
And its essence is defined. The third chapter examines the formation and disintegration of "consensus politics" on welfare.
The influence of the state and the causes of the welfare crisis are analyzed. The fourth chapter discusses the Thatcher doctrine.
The challenges of the welfare state and the consequent structural adjustment. The last chapter is the current of the British welfare system.
The discussion of the shape and the prospect, and again clarifies the nature of the welfare state.

【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：D756.1

【引证文献】