悲剧的诞生:身份认同困境与克里米亚的命运

发布时间：2018-01-24 15:59

本文关键词： 身份认同克里米亚集体记忆历史叙事符号　出处：《俄罗斯研究》2014年03期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：身份认同问题是原苏联空间中的很多国家和地区在转型过程中所必须要面对的共同难题,而克里米亚长期的身份认同困境则是其中影响最为深远、也是国际影响最大的问题之一。克里米亚身份认同问题源于苏联时期,从斯大林到赫鲁晓夫,再到戈尔巴乔夫,不同时代的苏联领导人对于克里米亚采取了不同的地区政策。由于不同时期的政策思路存在明显的矛盾,使得克里米亚的身份归属出现了"错位"的现象,从而导致苏联解体之后的克里米亚陷入了身份构建的困境之中。后苏联时代的克里米亚共有三条可能的身份建构路径,分别是推动国家认同的深入,建立乌克兰身份;推动地区认同的深入,建立克里米亚的独立地区身份;以及推动民族认同的深入,回归俄罗斯身份。但在身份认同建构的实践中,由于克里米亚半岛以俄语为共同语言,在俄语的历史叙事中,乌克兰的缺位和鞑靼人的反面角色使其难以通过历史叙事的重构形成新的国家认同和统一的地区认同。同时,由于长达数百年的俄罗斯化过程,整个半岛的符号体系完全俄罗斯化,无论是地理名称、城市雕塑、政治符号抑或是文化标签,都被打上了鲜明的俄罗斯印记。在原苏联空间内复杂的族群分布状态下,乌克兰中央政府无力主导克里米亚的身份认同建构。而克里米亚人为了平衡来自基辅的外在压力和来自鞑靼人的内在压力,继续维持并强化本就在本地区占据主流地位的俄罗斯民族身份,不可避免地选择了继承苏联所赋予克里米亚的所有身份符号,并重新寻回沙俄时代的历史叙事,强化自己的俄罗斯身份。在俄罗斯身份认同不断强化的大背景下,克里米亚在20世纪90年代就产生了以民族主义为基础的分离主义运动,在1994年,整个分离主义运动达到了高潮。时任乌克兰总统库奇马凭借高超的政治手腕和有利的国际背景,在没有产生冲突的情况下瓦解了90年代的分离主义运动,但始终没有办法推动克里米亚地区形成乌克兰身份的建构。最终,在2014年3月,身份认同的困境最终成了克里米亚事件的导火索。克里米亚事件的发生也再次证明,身份认同的问题并不能完全决定国家或地区的命运,但是如果一个多民族的国家或地区长期无法摆脱身份认同的困境,那么它始终都将成为这个国家或地区未来发展道路上的潜在威胁。
[Abstract]:The issue of identity is a common problem that many countries and regions in the former Soviet Union have to face in the process of transformation, and the long-term identity dilemma of Crimea is the most far-reaching one. Crimea identity originated from the Soviet period, from Stalin to Khrushchev to Gorbachev. The Soviet leaders of different times adopted different regional policies for Crimea. Because of the obvious contradictions in the policy ideas of different periods, the identity of Crimea appeared the phenomenon of "dislocation". As a result, Crimea after the disintegration of the Soviet Union fell into the dilemma of identity construction. There are three possible paths of identity construction in post-Soviet Crimea, one of which is to promote the deepening of national identity. Establishment of Ukrainian identity; Promoting the deepening of regional identity and establishing the independent regional identity of Crimea; But in the practice of identity construction, because the Crimean peninsula takes Russian as the common language, in the Russian historical narration. The absence of Ukraine and the negative role of the Tatars make it difficult to form a new national identity and a unified regional identity through the reconstruction of historical narration. The whole peninsula's symbol system is completely Russianized, be it geographical names, city sculptures, political symbols or cultural labels. Are all marked with a distinct Russian imprint. Under the complicated distribution of ethnic groups in the space of the former Soviet Union. Ukraine's central government is unable to dominate the construction of identity in Crimea. Crimean people balance the external pressure from Kiev with the internal pressure from the Tatars. To maintain and strengthen the Russian national identity, which occupied the mainstream position in the region, inevitably chose to inherit all the identity symbols given by the Soviet Union to Crimea, and to find the historical narration of the Russian era again. Strengthen your Russian identity. Against the backdrop of a growing Russian identity, Crimea had a nationalist separatist movement on 1990s, on 1994. The separatist movement reached its climax. The then Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma disintegrated the separatist movement of 90s without creating conflict, with great political skill and a favourable international background. But there was never a way to promote the formation of Ukrainian identity in the Crimean region. Finally, in March 2014. The plight of identity has finally become the trigger of Crimea. The Crimean incident has proved once again that the issue of identity can not completely determine the fate of the country or region. However, if a multi-ethnic country or region is unable to extricate itself from the dilemma of identity for a long time, it will always become a potential threat to the future development of this country or region.
【作者单位】：上海国际问题研究院俄罗斯中亚研究中心;华东师范大学;
【分类号】：D751.13
【正文快照】： 绪论当未来的历史学家重新翻开2014年3月的史册时,他们很可能仍然会对克里米亚事件的突然发生感到震惊。在短短几天之内,一个在过去十多年的时间里尚属平静的地区,迅速改变了自己宣誓效忠的对象,完成了领土主权的变更。诚然,这种变更的最终实现离不开外部力量的干涉,但克里米

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