美国“肯定性行动”中黑人就业政策研究（1965-2000）

发布时间：2018-01-26 10:30

本文关键词： 美国 “肯定性行动” 经济政策演变效用　出处：《东北师范大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：美国“肯定性行动”是1965年以总统行政命令形式发布的一项保障黑人等少数族裔平等就业的政策,后来又扩大到妇女、残疾人等人群。就业领域“肯定性行动”政策的制定是20世纪60年代美国社会政治、思想和民权运动等因素共同作用的结果,但更是美国政府经济政策尤其是就业政策的产物。在“肯定性行动”的发展过程中,它也始终与经济政策相始终。由于追求结果平等,一度导致“肯定性行动”陷入了配额制的误区,围绕政策的争议也随之甚嚣尘上。本文利用美国政府原始文献及中外学者的相关著述,运用历史学的研究方法,借鉴其他学科的研究手段,对1965—2000年期间美国就业领域的“肯定性行动”政策进行了考察,论证“肯定性行动”与美国政府经济政策之间的联系,分析其效用和局限。全文由绪论、五章正文、结语三部分构成。绪论部分包括本研究的选题背景、研究目标与意义、研究的创新与不足,同时也对中外学者对于该课题的相关研究成果做了一个概要的评述; 第一章“‘肯定性行动’概述”,分析了“肯定性行动”的内涵,回顾了历史上美国政府黑人政策的变化,考察了就业领域“肯定性行动”从1965年到2000年的发展历程、政策变迁及不同时代的政策特点,并对整体进程进行了分期; 第二章“60年代美国黑人平等就业政策的初步形成”着重分析了60年代美国黑人遭受就业歧视的悲惨处境及原因,阐述了约翰逊时期“肯定性行动”出台的背景,解析了“肯定性行动”是政府干预就业市场和消除歧视的产物; 第三章“就业领域‘肯定性行动’的启动与发展”探讨了约翰逊政府时期“肯定性行动”在就业领域的实施状况,分析了从尼克松到卡特政府时期政策的发展历程、历史根源和实施效果; 第四章“里根、布什政府时期对‘肯定性行动’的调整”着重研究了80年代及90年代初就业领域“肯定性行动”的演变、原因和执行效果; 第五章“世纪之交的黑人就业”主要分析了克林顿政府时期在“肯定性行动”问题上的抉择和缘由,解析了世纪末黑人就业状况的主导因素; “结语”从总体上评价了“肯定性行动”的历史地位及政策发展、演变所揭示的美国宪政体制特点和内在矛盾。
[Abstract]:Affirmative action in the United States was issued in 1965 by presidential executive order to guarantee equal employment for black and other minorities, which was later extended to women. The formulation of affirmative action policy in the field of employment is the result of the interaction of American social politics, ideology and civil rights movement in 1960s. But it is also the product of American government economic policy, especially employment policy. In the process of "affirmative action", it has always been with economic policy, because of the pursuit of equal results. At one time, "affirmative action" fell into the misunderstanding of quota system, and the controversy around policy was also rampant. This paper uses the original literature of the United States government and the relevant works of Chinese and foreign scholars to use the historical research method. Referring to the research methods of other disciplines, this paper examines the policy of "affirmative action" in the field of employment in the United States during 1965-2000. This paper demonstrates the relationship between affirmative action and American government's economic policy, and analyzes its utility and limitation. The full text is composed of three parts: introduction, five chapters text and conclusion. The introduction part includes the background of this study, the research goal and significance, the innovation and deficiency of the research. At the same time, it also makes a brief comment on the related research results of Chinese and foreign scholars. The first chapter is an overview of affirmative action, which analyzes the connotation of affirmative action and reviews the historical changes in the black policy of American government. This paper examines the development process of affirmative action in the field of employment from 1965 to 2000, the policy changes and the policy characteristics of different times, and stages the whole process. The second chapter, "the initial formation of American Black Equal Employment Policy in 60s", focuses on the tragic situation and causes of the employment discrimination suffered by black Americans in 60s. This paper expounds the background of "affirmative action" in Johnson's period, and analyzes that "affirmative action" is the product of government intervention in the employment market and elimination of discrimination. The third chapter, "the initiation and development of affirmative action in employment field", discusses the implementation of affirmative action in employment field during the period of Johnson Administration. This paper analyzes the development course, historical origin and implementation effect of the policy from Nixon to Carter administration. Chapter 4th, "Reagan-Bush Administration's adjustment of affirmative action", focuses on the evolution, causes and effect of affirmative action in the field of employment in 80s and 90s. Chapter 5th, "Black Employment at the turn of the Century", mainly analyzes the choice and reason of "affirmative action" during the Clinton administration, and analyzes the leading factors of black employment at the end of the century. The conclusion generally evaluates the historical status and policy development of affirmative action and reveals the characteristics and internal contradictions of American constitutional system.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D771.2

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